Growing
10 Incredible Acer Tree Types From The Chairman Of The Maple Society
IN THIS GUIDE Maple Society Favourites 1) A. campestre (Field Maple) 2) A. rubrum (Red Maple) 3) A. saccharum (Sugar Maple) 4) A. saccharinum (Silver Maple) 5) A. platanoides (Norway Maple) 6) A. pseudoplatanus (Sycamore) 7) A. griseum (Paperbark Maple) 8) A. palmatum 9) A. japonicum 10) A. davidii (Snake Bark Maple) References Acers are a genus of trees and shrubs commonly referred to as maples and a number of the 128 species within this group can be successfully grown in the UK.1 Many Acer species are popular as ornamental trees – prized in particular for their autumn colour. “Acers seem to be doing really well in the current climate, so I’d suggest growing one,” shares Climbing Arborist Cecily Witall. “Have a look at what is available to you and look at trees that come from areas that have cold winters but lots of heat in the summer. Look towards their natural habitats and use what you can.” They make popular specimen trees in many gardens, but the problem is, there are literally thousands of different cultivars to choose from. In this article, we explore some of the best options for UK gardeners to consider. Maples can be both trees and shrubs and can vary significantly in shape, size, colour, form and habits. Some are suitable for small gardens, and some are even suitable for growing in containers. Maple Society Favourites We asked Agustin Coello-Vera from The Maple Society to share some of his favourite Acer varieties. “This question is often asked by visitors to my forest garden and my answer is that it depends on the day,” he says. “Almost every maple shows wonderful colours, including red, orange, yellow, purple, black, or golden brown. Acer griseum “Not only are the leaves beautiful in the autumn, but many maples also present a good display of fruits in various colours. “Maples may have splendid bark, such as the snake bark maples or the paperbark maple, Acer griseum. “Many maples flower profusely in spring, such as the Norway maple, A. platanoides, which provides a wonderful display of clear yellow flowers.” If, like Agustin, you are struggling to choose a favourite, read on for more suggestions for you and your garden: 1) A. campestre (Field Maple) The UK’s only maple that is native to these shores, the field maple can be an excellent garden tree. It is commonly chosen as a garden tree or a tree for city parks because of its compact growth habit, its tolerance of atmospheric pollution and, of course, its stunning autumn foliage. One of the reasons why it is a good idea to consider a native maple is that as a native plant, it offers a lot more to native wildlife. The field maple is attractive to aphids, which means that it also benefits their predators such as ladybirds, hover-flies and birds. “One of my favourite plants is the field maple, as it is a real champion of a tree that can grow on chalky soil,” shares Gardener Kim Wilkie. Many species of moths also benefit from the tree, and feed on its leaves. The flowers provide nectar for pollinators such as bees, and birds and small mammals eat the fruits. The field maple can grow in most fertile but well-drained soil types, in full sun or partial shade. It can cope with a range of less-than-optimal conditions and may form as a shrub in chalky soils. As well as being a specimen tree, the field maple can also be coppiced, or used as a hedgerow plant. “One cultivar I have planted many of as street trees and in gardens of all sizes is Acer campestre ‘Queen Elizabeth’ also known as ‘Evelyn’,” says RHS qualified Horticulturist Dan Ori. “Its compact relatively columnar shape and its tolerance of drought and most soil types/pH make it a great pick.” 2) A. rubrum (Red Maple) The most abundant native tree in the northeastern United States, the red maple can also be grown in the UK.2 It is incredibly adaptable to soil type and conditions, and can cope well in full sun or partial shade. Of course, this is a stunning ornamental tree. As the name suggests, the leaves turn bright red in autumn – these autumnal displays will be most vivid when the red maples are planted in acidic soils. Acer rubrum can be good for city planting because they are fairly tolerant of air pollution. However, the trees have low, invasive root systems which can cause damage to paving etc. It is also important to note that this tree can restrict the growth of a number of other plants when they are grown close by. Since this is an Acer that grows into full-sized trees up to 30m in height, this is not necessarily the best choice for smaller or more restricted spaces. However, where the space is available, these can be truly stunning specimen trees. A number of cultivars make excellent bonsai, and can even be grown in containers. Some red maple cultivars to consider in the UK are: A. rubrum ‘October Glory’ Dependable autumn colour and vigorous growth. A. rubrum ‘Red Sunset’ Good drought/heat tolerance, upright, vigorous growth habit and orange-red autumn colour. A. rubrum ‘Northwood’ Open habit with branches 45-degree angle to the trunk forming an attractive oval crown. Its colour is not as intense as other cultivars. 3) A. saccharum (Sugar Maple) The sugar maple is another North American native Acer that can also be grown successfully in some southern parts of the UK. In addition to being known for its brightly coloured autumn foliage, the sugar maple is of course also known for being the primary source of maple syrup. Unfortunately, the seasons and climate conditions here in the UK mean that the potential for worthwhile sap production and harvesting is negligible – but that does not mean that you cannot still consider growing these attractive trees. These are large, deciduous trees that will grow up to 20m tall, with dense oval or rounded crowns, and five-lobed leaves that turn yellow, orange and reddish in the autumn. These trees can be grown as specimen trees in full sun or shade, in moist but well-drained soil. Though it can be a useful specimen tree in Cornwall and other warm and protected southern gardens, it should be noted that this too is a bad companion plant, and may inhibit the growth of a range of other plants grown close by. 4) A. saccharinum (Silver Maple) Another very vigorous deciduous tree, the silver maple should not be confused with the similarly named species above. It will grow to more than 12m in height and be wider than 8m once fully grown. It will not be the best choice for smaller gardens, as it has invasive roots that can do damage to pipes or structures. It can also have allelopathic (growth-slowing) effects on nearby plants. It is also worthwhile noting that this is a comparatively short-lived tree – it will typically live between 125 and 140 years. Like other maples mentioned above, however, this is another maple species that can provide amazing autumn colour in a large, sheltered garden. It can do well in many different soil types as long as the soil is moist but well-drained. The shallow root system can also be useful for use in erosion control in certain situations. 5) A. platanoides (Norway Maple) The Norway maple was introduced to the UK in the 17th Century.3 Though not a native plant, this is another tree that can be beneficial for wildlife in a UK garden. The leaves are eaten by a range of caterpillars and a number of birds and small mammals eat its seeds. This is a broadleaf tree that can grow to an eventual height of around 25m. Leaves will fade to yellow and occasionally to ruddy brownish red before they fall in the autumn. In spring, conspicuous clusters of yellow flowers form on the bare branches. This plant will grow in Britain in all but the very poorest of soils, so it can be an interesting specimen tree to consider for many gardens. However, it is worth noting that like many maples, this tree can also have a detrimental effect on certain other plants grown close by. 6) A. pseudoplatanus (Sycamore) Not to be confused with the similar species above, the sycamore maple, commonly called simply ‘sycamore’ in the British isles is another option to consider. It is believed that the sycamore may have been originally introduced to our shores by the Romans, or in the 1500s.4 It is believed to have naturalised from around the mid-1800s. This broadleaf tree can grow up to 35m high, and live for 400 years or so – meaning it is important to be careful where it is planted. The ‘helicopter’ seeds spread this tree quickly and it has colonised native woodlands to the detriment of native species. However, it can be an option to consider in larger gardens, where, like other native and naturalised maples, it has benefits for a wide range of garden wildlife. It may be particularly beneficial as part of a wild break or shelterbelt. 7) A. griseum (Paperbark Maple) Another tree to consider for certain UK gardens is the paperbark maple. It is a small, spreading tree which is deciduous, with leaves that turn a brilliant orange and red in autumn. The tree is also known for its attractive peeling and paper-like bark, which has a lovely rich chestnut-brown colour. The tree can reach an eventual height of 8-12m and can be a good choice for a small specimen tree in many gardens. It can grow successfully in a range of soil types and in full sun or partial shade, so it is common to find it in borders, or front gardens. 8) A. palmatum If you are looking for a smaller tree or shrub, then Acer palmatum (a type of Japanese maple) is a species that provides a huge array of cultivar options. These Asian maples are all extremely popular for their astounding colours and attractive, compact forms. There are cultivars that have a huge range of different colours in their foliage, and there is also variety in leaf form and growth habit. “Generally speaking, Japanese maples do not do well in alkaline soil,” says Dan Ori. “In layman’s terms, it is like putting them on a diet where they can’t access nutrients as they need to; they can survive and even have a long life in high pH but they do not thrive and will present establishment and health problems for the gardener to mitigate.”5 Waterlogging and compacted soil are ‘no-nos’ for these plants, but other than that they are surprisingly un-fussy. In terms of sun, they can thrive in full sun or dappled or partial shade. They will do best in more sheltered sites but can also cope with some wind exposure. Some A. palmatum cultivars to consider are: A. palmatum ‘Bloodgood’ A. palmatum ‘Lace Lady’ A. palmatum ‘Dissectum Viridis’ A. palmatum var. dissectum ‘Seiryu’ A. palmatum ‘Beni-Maiko’ A. palmatum ‘Little Princess’ A. palmatum ‘Kagiri-nishiki’ A. palmatum ‘Katsura’ A. palmatum ‘Osakazuki’ A. palmatum ‘Shin-deshojo’ Though there are plenty of other beautiful options within this type of maple to consider. 9) A. japonicum Other Japanese maples not in the group mentioned above include those in the Acer japonicum species. These Acers are also known as Amur maples or fullmoon maples. These are small, deciduous trees which very rarely grow above around 10m tall, and are often much smaller. Though less commonly cultivated as ornamental plants than Acer palmatum, these can also make interesting additions to a UK garden. Two cultivars of A. japonicum that have received the Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit are: A. japonicum ‘Vitifolium’ A. japonicum ‘Aconitifolium’ So one of these could also be worthwhile considering. 10) A. davidii (Snake Bark Maple) Finally, one other more unusual maple to consider for your garden is the snake bark maple. This is a small, spreading tree that can grow up to around 10m in height. It has triangular, mid-green leaves that turn yellow or orange in the autumn. As the name suggests, these Acers are also characterised by their bark, which does have winding patterns on it that look a little like snakes. So, which maples will be right for your garden? The above should have given you a great place to start when making the right choices for your space. References 1. Maples (Genus Acer). (n.d.). iNaturalist UK. Retrieved March 9, 2023, from https://uk.inaturalist.org/taxa/47727-Acer 2. Red Maple. (n.d.). National Wildlife Federation. Retrieved March 9, 2023, from https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Plants-and-Fungi/Red-Maple 3. Trust, W. (n.d.). Norway Maple (Acer platanoides). Woodland Trust. Retrieved March 9, 2023, from https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/trees-woods-and-wildlife/british-trees/a-z-of-british-trees/norway-maple/ 4. Trust, W. (n.d.-b). Sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus). Woodland Trust. Retrieved March 9, 2023, from https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/trees-woods-and-wildlife/british-trees/a-z-of-british-trees/sycamore/ 5. Cregg, B. (2014, November). Right Tree: Right Place – Alkaline Soils. Michigan State University. Retrieved April 3, 2023, from https://www.canr.msu.edu/hrt/uploads/535/78626/RightTreeAlkalineSoilred.pdf
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Growing Laurus Nobilis ‘Bay Tree': A Popular Ornamental For Year-Round Interest
IN THIS GUIDE Overview Why Grow Bay? Bay Tree Varieties How To Grow A Bay Tree Bay Tree Plant Care Harvesting Bay Leaves References The bay tree, or Laurus nobilis, is an elegant evergreen shrub grown for its deliciously aromatic leaves that can be used as a seasoning in cooking. Although bay trees can grow as high as 7.5m or more, they are often pruned or kept in containers or pots to limit their height and spread. Bay trees are slow-growing and have become a popular ornamental tree, often used for formal displays Their gorgeously dark green foliage can be easily pruned, clipped and trained into neat topiary shapes. Being evergreen, bay trees provide year-round interest, texture and structure to the garden. They also produce small, star-shaped, yellow-green flowers which bloom in spring which develop into dark purple berries in autumn. Overview Botanical Name Laurus nobilis Common Name(s) Bay Tree Plant Type Tree Native Area Mediterranean Hardiness Rating H4 Foliage Evergreen, leathery aromatic leaves Flowers Inconspicuous, green When To Sow Or Plant March, April, September, October, November When To Prune January, February, December Easily recognisable by their fragrant, smooth, glabrous leaves, bay trees are evergreen trees or shrubs which are part of the flowering plant family of Lauraceae.1 Bay trees are native to the Mediterranean regions and can be used either fresh or dried in cooking.2 Why Grow Bay? The bay trees glossy leaves have been treasured for centuries and are now a firm favourite among gardeners. But, if you aren’t yet sold on this popular plant then allow us to break down exactly why we love them! Cuisine Bay leaves have a spicy, peppery, aromatic flavour and are commonly used in curries, soups and stews. It is also an essential ingredient in the herb mix ‘Bouquet Garni’. The leaves can be used fresh, or you can harvest them and summer and dry them. Dried bay leaves have a much more robust flavour but should be stored for no more than a year. Pest Resistance The plant itself is highly resistant to pests so can be used as a companion plant to help protect other plants from infestation. Dried bay leaves are also said to help to protect stored grains and beans and other foods from weevils. Privacy Because of the ease in which they can be clipped and trained, bay trees can be grown as a screen or a hedge to provide privacy and a shield from the elements. It is slow-growing, however, so patience is a virtue with this practical plant. Bay Tree Varieties There are only a few types of bay tree to choose from, which means narrowing down the right one for you is a piece of cake. Laurus nobilis This large, erect evergreen shrub is the bay tree most commonly cultivated, and its leathery leaves are used in cooking for its aromatic flavouring. The Laurus nobilis, or species bay tree, can grow up to 12m in height and over 8m in spread, but is slow-growing and can take up to 50 years to reach its full stature. It is traditionally clipped and trained into beautiful, ornamental topiary, providing sophisticated structure to formal gardens. It can also be used to create a hedge or screen, providing privacy to your garden. Because it is easily grown in pots and containers, it is a perfect addition to a garden of any size and can be grown both inside and out. L. nobilis ‘Aurea’ The L. nobilis ‘Aurea’, commonly known as ‘Golden Bay’, is a large evergreen shrub or, eventually, a small tree, growing to a maximum height of 8m. It sports attractive golden leaves which are particularly useful for providing winter colour, and these leaves can also be used in cooking. Growing in a broad, conical habit, this type of bay tree can also be trimmed and trained into stylish shapes and can also form smaller hedges. Like the L. nobilis, the golden bay can be grown either in the ground or in large pots or containers. L. nobilis ‘Angustifolia’ L. nobilis ‘Angustifolia’ is a rare shrub with slender, willow-like leaves which can also be used in cooking. Commonly known as a narrow-leaved bay tree, this species can also be clipped creatively into a work of art and grows well both in the ground and large containers. This variety is smaller and can reach an eventual height of around 6m and 5m in width, sometimes taller, although, as with the others, don’t hold your breath as this can take up to 50 years. How To Grow A Bay Tree Bay trees are wonderfully versatile and can be grown inside or out and in the ground or in containers. Planting Out If planting in the garden, choose a sheltered spot with well-drained soil, in full sun or partial shade. You can ready the soil by digging in compost and grit. If you are planting bay for formal structure, ensure that the young tree is standing straight to achieve the best aesthetic. Once planted, water well and continue to water regularly for a couple of weeks to help your bay establish itself. Container Growing If you are growing your bay in a container, then be sure to use tree and shrub compost, which usually contains loam for stability, and water well in summer when it is more likely to dry out. When growing bay trees inside, position it by a sunny window, avoiding exposure to drafts and heated appliances. Bay Tree Plant Care Bay trees are generally problem-free and easy to maintain; the most complex care comes if you are training it as topiary. Pruning Bay trees should be pruned in summer with secateurs, and old plants can be cut back hard in late spring to give them a new lease of life. Be patient with older plants as it can take them a while to get their vitality back, so you can prune them over two years by cutting half the stems back one year and the other half the following year. Top tip: If you are trying to train your bay tree as a topiary specimen for the first time, we highly recommend purchasing a topiary frame. This will help you sculpt your bay tree into your desired shape. For the best results, regularly prune through the growing season. Common Problems Bay trees are relatively trouble-free, but there are a few things to keep an eye out for. “Likely pests include bay suckers, which are psyllid insects, and scale insects, which cling tightly to stems,” shares Peter Lickorish, Master Horticulturist. “Pyrethrum can be used to treat sap suckers this, or nature can be used to solve your problems if you encourage ladybirds, using bug hotels, to predate pests.” In addition to pests, Peter notes how the climate can sometimes cause some problems for these trees: “Bay trees have suffered from the cold winter 2022-23 in the UK, with many showing browned leaves. “When dealing with frost damage, wait until active growth resumes and frosts are easing, around May, and prune out affected leaves, cutting back to the next healthy foliage. “Avoiding planting trees in positions facing east can prevent damage from rapid thawing after frosts. “Potassium, often found in fertilisers marketed for tomatoes, can act like anti-freeze and prevent some frost damage.” Harvesting Bay Leaves Bay leaves can be harvested throughout the growing season; however, if you wish to harvest a larger quantity, we recommend doing so in midsummer when the leaves are at their peak and have the fullest flavour. You can use the bay leaves fresh, or if you wish to dry them, place them on a baking sheet, spaced apart, so they aren’t touching and cover with a layer of paper towels. Place the leaves in a warm, dry location, out of direct sunlight. After a week, flip the leaves and leave them to dry for another week and voila! – your dried bay leaves are ready to go. No matter what size your garden is, there is always room for a bay tree, and they are an excellent choice for beginners hoping to hone their topiary skills. Whether they grow in the garden, or in pots, outside or inside, bay trees will reward you, year after year, with their beauty and deliciously flavourful leaves. References 1. S. (n.d.-e). Sweet Bay. Wisconsin Horticulture. Retrieved March 13, 2023, from https://hort.extension.wisc.edu/articles/sweet-bay-laurus-nobilis/ 2. Laurus nobilis. (n.d.). Kew Royal Botanic Gardens. Retrieved March 13, 2023, from https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:465049-1
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It Can Be 'A Demanding Houseplant' - How To Grow A Fiddle-Leaf Fig Tree
IN THIS GUIDE Overview How To Grow A Fiddle-Leaf Fig Tree Ongoing Care Common Problems References The name ‘Fiddle-Leaf Fig’ rolls off the tongue nicely, and this is definitely a plant to get yourself acquainted with. Hailing from Central & Western Africa, this fig variety has since been cultivated and domesticated, guaranteeing its reputation as a popular staple in our gardens and homes.1 While the plant is definitely in vogue, you should know that some people consider it to be quite finickity. Getting it firmly established in satisfactory conditions can take some work, and if you grow it outdoors, you’ll have to bring it indoors over winter. With that in mind, though, the rewards offered by getting a fiddle-leaf fig properly settled far outweigh the work involved. Overview Botanical Name Ficus lyrata Common Name(s) Fiddle Leaf Fig Tree Plant Type Houseplant Native Area Tropical Africa Hardiness Rating H1B Foliage Large, fiddle-shaped leaves When To Sow June, July, August When To Prune February, March Fiddle-leaf fig is the common name for Ficus lyrata, a flowering plant in the Moraceae family, otherwise known as figs and mulberries.2 Unfortunately, however, this member of the family doesn’t put forth fruit when grown indoors, and the fruits it does put forth outdoors are inedible. For those hoping for a tasty bounty from your fruit tree, we recommend looking elsewhere. Out in nature, this plant has a fearsome reputation. As an epiphyte, the fiddle-leaf fig deposits its seeds on top of other trees and then grows downward toward the ground.3 While this may sound innocent, the branches wind their way around the host tree, gradually strangling it and starving it of resources. “As a houseplant, this is a great way to bring a piece of the West African rainforest into your living room,” shares Horticulturist Colin Skelly. “In a pot, you are keeping it as a seedling compared to its growth habit in its native range.” When grown as a houseplant these tendencies are unlikely to reveal themselves, so you’ve got nothing to worry about. How To Grow A Fiddle-Leaf Fig Tree The Fiddle Leaf Fig can be relatively demanding compared to other houseplants, but we wholeheartedly recommend it. Soil Requirements This plant requires well-aerated soil that promotes fast drainage. It’s not fussy in terms of growing medium – sand, clay, chalk, and loam are all fine – but you must ensure that the roots do not become saturated. It’s not fussy with acidity, either: acid, alkali, or neutral soils will all work. You can also get specially-formulated fiddle-leaf fig nutrient mix to ensure the soil remains suitably nutritious for your new green friend. Hardiness This plant has a hardiness rating of H1B, indicating that it can be grown outside in summer (doing best in temperatures of 10-15°C or above). Given the plant’s African origins, this makes sense. The fiddle-leaf fig evolved in an area of high temperature and frequent sunshine, meaning that a move to often-soggy British climes can be a bit of a shock to the system. It’s still possible to grow a fiddle-leaf fig in your garden, however – you just need to take the appropriate actions by moving it indoors over the colder months. Container Growing Given that you’ll need to move your plant around a lot, it makes sense to grow it in a container. This plant enjoys being outdoors – it likes the fresh air, the humidity and the sunlight. When growing your fiddle-leaf fig outdoors, look for a sheltered west- or south-facing spot in direct sunlight, if possible. Be vigilant for leaf burn, which can be caused by particularly intense periods of sunshine. Because many leaves grow out of a single bud, it can take a while for lost leaves to be replenished. Ongoing Care Aside from ensuring the environment is suitable for your fiddle-leaf fig, it’s actually quite easygoing. It’ll need a very light pruning once in a while, and there are a few potential pests to be aware of – beyond that, it’s plain sailing. Pruning The fiddle-leaf fig tree is a proud member of RHS’ pruning group 1; thus requiring “little to no pruning”.4 This bodes well for the casual gardeners amongst us, and goes some way to offset the tree’s demanding environmental needs. Give your plant a light pruning in late winter or early spring. All you’re looking to do is remove diseased or damaged shoots and any that are crossing each other or growing in unwanted directions. After you’ve done that, mulch and feed the soil to give your plant a nutrient boost. Winter Care While they can acclimatise partly to cold, freezing temperatures can cause shock and loss of foliage. While fiddle-leaf figs are fussy when being moved, they’ll respond well to a move to a more suitable environment. And in winter, without being moved indoors they will almost certainly die off in outdoor conditions in the UK. By growing yours in a pot it can be moved easily when the time feels right, but there are also a few steps you can take to ease the transition – Move to a shady spot outdoors for a couple of weeks to get your plant used to lower light conditions. Use a grow light to simulate sunlight and help your fiddle-leaf fig acclimatise to the dark depths of winter. Go steady on the watering: check the top two inches of soil with your finger and only water when these are dry. Keep your plant away from radiators, heaters, or any other sources of hot air, as this can further disrupt their already-sensitive humidity requirements. Any and all of these steps should help out with any transition from the summer outdoors to overwintering indoors. Common Problems Few plants are free of risk from opportunistic pests, and the fiddle-leaf fig tree is no different. Here are the main offenders: Glasshouse Red Spider Mite These minuscule nuisances feed on the sap in plant leaves, which can lead to mottled leaves and even leaf loss in severe cases. They’re especially prevalent in summer and, given that your fiddle-leaf fig will be spending its summers outdoors, you need to be vigilant. If you catch an infestation early, you’ve got a better chance of controlling it. You can deliberately introduce predatory insects to eat the red spider mites, or you can use solutions such as neem oil or insecticidal soap. Thrips Thrips are another small sap-sucking insect that can damage the leaves of your prized fiddle-leaf fig. If you notice discolouration on your leaves, see whether you can find any thrips lurking under the leaves. Methods of control are similar: predatory mites or a variety of pesticides. Woolly aphids You can also hang sticky fly-catching sheets if your plant is indoors, as this will attract the thrips away. Don’t do this outside, however, as you’ll likely catch and kill many innocent flying creatures. Mealybugs Mealybugs also like to eat sap, and in exchange for this tasty sustenance, they leave a sticky trail on your leaves which can give rise to mould. Look for fluffy wax, small white woodlouse-y bugs, or black mould – all indicate visiting mealybugs. And when you have visitors, your choices are pesticides, tolerating small amounts of damage, or, sadly, destroying heavily infested plants. A fiddle-leaf fig tree is a stylish addition to any home or garden – and if you’re up for a challenge, you could soon be the proud owner of a thriving specimen. References 1. Datiles, M. J., & Acevedo-Rodrígue, P. (2014). Ficus lyrata (fiddle-leaf fig). CABI Compendium. https://doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.24125 2. Ficus lyrata. (n.d.). Global Plants – JSTOR. Retrieved March 15, 2023, from https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.flora.fwta3535 3. Ficus lyrata. (n.d.-b). North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. Retrieved March 15, 2023, from https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/ficus-lyrata/ 4. Shrubs and trees: light pruning. (n.d.-b). Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved March 15, 2023, from https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/types/trees/trees-shrubs-light-pruning
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17 Popular Dwarf Evergreen Trees With Garden Designer Jilayne Rickards
IN THIS GUIDE Why We Love Dwarf Evergreen Trees 1) Dwarf Scots Pine ‘Watereri’ 2) Dwarf Pencil Point Juniper 3) Hinoki Cypress 4) Colorado Spruce ‘Hoopsii’ 5) Dwarf Black Pine 6) Upright Japanese Plum Yew 7) Dwarf Balsam Fir 8) Glaucous Dwarf Siberian Pine 9) Eastern Hemlock ‘Minuta’ 10) Korean Fir ‘Kohout’s Ice Breaker’ 11) Japanese Cedar ‘Tilford Gold’ 12) Dwarf Scots Pine ‘Gold Coin’ 13) Austrian Pine ‘Hornibrookiana’ 14) Austrian Pine ‘Moseri’ 15) Rocky Mountain Juniper ‘Blue Arrow’ 16) Asian Bell Tree 17) Montery Cypress Choose Dwarf Evergreens For Everlasting Impact Evergreen trees have so much to offer; they provide texture and structure, gorgeous foliage colour, as well as flowers and berries. This type of tree can supply interest to our gardens all year round. Sadly, not all of us are blessed with unlimited space in our gardens – especially those of us living in more urban settings – and it often feels like we’re forced to miss out on the opportunity to include beautiful evergreens in our compact spaces. Thankfully, there are actually lots of lovely dwarf evergreen trees that will be right at home in any garden, no matter its size or style. “Small evergreen trees are great at providing structure in the garden, especially during the winter months,” shares RHS Master Horticulturist Colin Skelly. “They are also beneficial for garden biodiversity as they provide habitat and shelter year-round and many provide berries.” Why We Love Dwarf Evergreen Trees There are so many benefits of planting dwarf, evergreen trees far beyond their space-saving qualities. “No matter which garden, I always have 2-3 trees going into my designs,” shares Garden Designer Jilayne Rickards. “They are such wonderful plants and they absorb so much toxicity from the air and they give us shade.” Here are our top reasons for loving these little beauties – Dwarf evergreens are predominantly low maintenance. Thanks to their small stature, they require very little pruning, so not only do they save space, but they also save time. With year-round foliage, they provide a safe habitat for birds and other wildlife during winter. As many dwarf evergreens also produce berries, they also provide food for your feathered friends. Dwarf evergreens are perfect for privacy screens, especially for people with modest-sized gardens and those in urban areas. They are excellent at blocking out unsightly views without dominating your entire garden. These little trees are easy to plant: you don’t have to fight with long branches or oversized root balls, so they are quick and easy to place in your garden. Their continuous colour keeps your garden vibrant and popping throughout the entire calendar. Now that we’ve got your heart set on dwarf, evergreen trees, you are probably wondering how on earth you are going to find the right ones for your garden. Well, we have put together a list of our favourites to help you find exactly what you’re looking for. Let’s get started! 1) Dwarf Scots Pine ‘Watereri’ BOTANICAL NAME: Pinus sylvestris ‘Watereri’ HARDINESS RATING: H7 MAX HEIGHT: 3-6 METRES MAX SPREAD: 5 METRES This cute little, slow-growing evergreen has a compact, globe habit, reaching a maximum height of 3-6m. While it can grow up to 5m in width, because of its slow-growing nature, it’s super easy to prune and maintain at the size of your choosing. Being so easy to shape, this dwarf evergreen is ideal for a zen Japanese themed garden but will compliment many other formal and informal styles. With blue-green needles on cinnamon coloured branches, this is a genuinely handsome specimen. The Dwarf Scots Pine also provides added interest by producing clusters of sweet mini cones and red-brown flowers. This little tree will tolerate most soils but prefers well-drained chalk, loam or sand. They are also extremely tolerant of wind, making them an excellent option for coastal regions as well as roof terraces. 2) Dwarf Pencil Point Juniper BOTANICAL NAME: Juniperus communis HARDINESS RATING: H7 MAX HEIGHT: 2 METRES MAX SPREAD: 0.3 METRES This uniquely shaped evergreen is dense, slow-growing and naturally columnar, and while it can reach a height of almost 2m, it grows no wider than just 0.3m. And when we say “slow-growing”, we mean slow-growing: this little guy can take up to 50 years to reach its full stature. Dwarf pencil point junipers are great for adding architectural interest to your garden and can also be popped in containers to decorate patios and decking. Sporting blue-green needles, female plants may also produce blue coloured berries in autumn as well. This slender tree loves full sun and well-drained soil. It’s worth mentioning however that the foliage can cause skin irritation, so we do recommend wearing gloves when pruning. 3) Hinoki Cypress BOTANICAL NAME: Chamaecyparis obtusa ‘Nana Gracilis’ HARDINESS RATING: H7 MAX HEIGHT: 2-2.5 METRES MAX SPREAD: 1.5 METRES RHS AWARD OF GARDEN MERIT This charming, mini, soft-needled evergreen tends to grow in a pyramidal form. Its glossy, dark green foliage grows in fan-shaped sprays, giving it an almost feathery appearance. This tree is an excellent choice if you want to add an extra layer of texture to your garden. The hinoki cypress is another super-slow grower, also taking up to 50 years to reach its full height of 2.5m and a spread of 1.5m. Given its slow pace attitude to life, this tree is extremely low maintenance and will only require a little pruning once or twice a year at most. This dwarf evergreen will do its best in well-drained, slightly acidic soil, although it will tolerate chalk. This sun-loving specimen can be planted in a fully exposed area, not requiring shelter to thrive. 4) Colorado Spruce ‘Hoopsii’ BOTANICAL NAME: Picea pungens ‘Hoopsii’ HARDINESS RATING: H7 MAX HEIGHT: 4 METRES MAX SPREAD: 1.5 METRES RHS AWARD OF GARDEN MERIT If you want to add a splash of vibrant colour to your garden, then the Colorado spruce is for you. This plucky little plant showcases chunky, vivid, silver-blue needles, which are particularly splendid when the tree is still young. Growing into a dense, neat, conical shape, this evergreen is highly ornamental and was awarded the RHS Award of Garden Merit. It also produces lovely, leathery-scaled cones which appear at the end of the shoots. When grown in well-drained, moist, acidic soil in a sheltered area, the happy ‘Hoopsii’ will reach a maximum height of 4m and a width of 1.5m. 5) Dwarf Black Pine BOTANICAL NAME: Pinus nigra ‘Nana’ HARDINESS RATING: H7 MAX HEIGHT: 1.2 METRES MAX SPREAD: 1.5 METRES This engaging, petite pine is slow-growing and hardy with attractive, green, candle-like foliage. With its narrow growth habit, it is perfect for containers as well as small gardens. The dwarf black pine grows just 6-10cm a year and, when mature, will reach no more than 1.2m in height with a spread of 1.5m. This small evergreen requires absolutely no pruning to maintain its natural, round form. You need only remove dead or damaged branches as and when necessary. This plant prefers well-drained soil and, once established, only requires occasional watering. We do recommend tying its branches up in winter if you are expecting heavy snowfall to prevent breakage and damage. 6) Upright Japanese Plum Yew BOTANICAL NAME: Cephalotaxus harringtonia ‘Fastigiata’ HARDINESS RATING: H5 MAX HEIGHT: 3 METRES MAX SPREAD: 2 METRES The upright Japanese plum yew is an attractive, broad-needled evergreen with beautiful blue-green foliage. Thanks to its slender, upright growth habit it lends an excellent and delicate texture to landscape composition. Unlike most of the other trees on this list, this beauty will take more shade than almost any needled evergreen out there and will make a great hedge, providing excellent screening for privacy. Maxing out at around 3m in height, this tree will thrive in well-drained soil and can be sheared annually to shape. It also has a high tolerance to pollution, making it a top choice for inner-city gardens. 7) Dwarf Balsam Fir BOTANICAL NAME: Abies balsamea ‘Nana’ HARDINESS RATING: H7 MAX HEIGHT: 0.6 METRES MAX SPREAD: 0.5 METRES The dwarf balsam fir is extra eye-catching thanks to its squat stature and lush, dark green needles with white undersides. It gets the balsam part of its name thanks to the balsamic fragrance it exudes. Globose in shape it only reaches a maximum of around 60cm, making this a fantastic option for borders and beds as well as rockeries and containers. This impactful little fellow thrives in moist, well-drained soil in full sun or partial shade and is frost hardy and wind-resistant. Requiring little maintenance, aside from removing die back, the one recommendation we have is to add a layer of mulch in winter for protection if in a more exposed location. These are superb little ornamental plants that tend to keep themselves tidy, making them perfect for gardeners with less time on their hands. 8) Glaucous Dwarf Siberian Pine BOTANICAL NAME: Pinus pumila ‘Glauca’ HARDINESS RATING: H7 MAX HEIGHT: 2-2.5 METRES MAX SPREAD: 2-2.5 METRES RHS AWARD OF GARDEN MERIT 9) Eastern Hemlock ‘Minuta’ BOTANICAL NAME: Tsuga canadensis ‘Minuta’ HARDINESS RATING: H7 MAX HEIGHT: 0.5 METRES MAX SPREAD: 0.5 METRES RHS AWARD OF GARDEN MERIT 10) Korean Fir ‘Kohout’s Ice Breaker’ BOTANICAL NAME: Abies koreana ‘Kohout’s Ice Breaker’ HARDINESS RATING: H7 MAX HEIGHT: 0.6 METRES MAX SPREAD: 0.5 METRES 11) Japanese Cedar ‘Tilford Gold’ BOTANICAL NAME: Cryptomeria japonica ‘Tilford Gold’ HARDINESS RATING: H6 MAX HEIGHT: 1 METRE MAX SPREAD: 0.5-1 METRES 12) Dwarf Scots Pine ‘Gold Coin’ BOTANICAL NAME: Pinus sylvestris ‘Gold Coin’ HARDINESS RATING: H7 MAX HEIGHT: 1.5 METRES MAX SPREAD: 0.5-1 METRES 13) Austrian Pine ‘Hornibrookiana’ BOTANICAL NAME: Pinus nigra ‘Hornibrookiana’ HARDINESS RATING: H7 MAX HEIGHT: 0.5-1 METRES MAX SPREAD: 2 METRES 14) Austrian Pine ‘Moseri’ BOTANICAL NAME: Pinus nigra ‘Moseri’ HARDINESS RATING: H7 MAX HEIGHT: 1.5 METRES MAX SPREAD: 1.5 METRES 15) Rocky Mountain Juniper ‘Blue Arrow’ BOTANICAL NAME: Juniperus virginiana ‘Blue Arrow’ HARDINESS RATING: H6 MAX HEIGHT: 2-2.5 METRES MAX SPREAD: 0.5 METRES RHS AWARD OF GARDEN MERIT 16) Asian Bell Tree BOTANICAL NAME: Radermachera sinica HARDINESS RATING: H1B MAX HEIGHT: 1.5-2 METRES MAX SPREAD: 1-1.5 METRES RHS AWARD OF GARDEN MERIT 17) Montery Cypress BOTANICAL NAME: Cupressus macrocarpa ‘Wilma’ HARDINESS RATING: H4 MAX HEIGHT: 1.5-2.5 METRES MAX SPREAD: 0.5 METRES RHS AWARD OF GARDEN MERIT Choose Dwarf Evergreens For Everlasting Impact Dwarf, evergreen trees may be small, but they can make a massive impact in any garden. Plus, with their long life span, they will keep your garden lush and green, every season, year after year. We do recommend that you always research your chosen trees before planting, so you know exactly how much space they require and how best to maintain them. That said, most of these little plants require very little attention once planted and are quite happy to do their own thing. Dwarf evergreens can play so many parts in your garden with their ornamental beauty, creating an exciting and unusual landscape as well as providing privacy from the outside world. With so many to choose from, it’s easy to see how quickly you can take your garden from plain average to utterly extraordinary. So get planting those evergreens, and keep your garden everlastingly lovely.
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"Don't Be Scared Of Smaller Spaces" - Here's 16 Narrow Trees You Can Use
IN THIS GUIDE Why We Love Narrow Trees 1) Japanese Holly 2) Cherry Plum 3) Cherry ‘Amanogawa’ 4) Common Hornbeam 5) Crimson Spire Oak 6) Bay Tree 7) Japanese ‘Silhouette’ Maple 8) Rocky Mountain Juniper ‘Blue Arrow’ 9) Dwarf Mountain Pine 10) Lawson’s Cypress 11) Dwarf Crab Apple 12) Northern White Cedar 13) Chusan Palm 14) Korean Fir 15) Oak ‘Koster’ 16) Dawyck Purple Beech Tree Be A Little ‘Narrow-Minded’ Most of us aren’t blessed with bountiful space in our gardens, nor are we always lucky to have the time we’d like to spend in them. Choosing trees for small gardens can be a real challenge, and making the wrong choice can completely overcrowd the space and even damage the foundations of your house. For these reasons, you may be quite wary of planting trees; by choosing the appropriate ones, however, you can give your garden much-needed structure and texture as well as providing yourself with privacy from neighbours and the outside world. “Don’t be scared of smaller spaces in a garden,” says Garden Designer Kate Gould. “Just because it’s small, doesn’t mean you can’t be creative. Often, it is much better to go bigger and bolder in small spaces.” And what’s bolder than a tree? “Trees are important in gardens from both a design and biodiversity perspective,” shares Master Horticulturist Colin Skelly. “Without the height and volume of trees, gardens can seem flat and trees are crucial for supporting biodiversity in gardens. “For small gardens, columnar trees are a great option.” These days, especially in urban gardens, making use of vertical space as opposed to horizontal space is a great way to hack the space. It can give your garden an added dimension, and allows you the joy of growing a tree even in the most modest-sized outdoor area. Why We Love Narrow Trees When you have a compact garden, you want to make the most of every inch available, and often this scares gardeners away from including trees. But, by opting for narrow trees, you can add interest to your garden year-round and enjoy delightful contrasts of colour throughout the seasons. Many narrow trees also produce berries that will attract birds and other urban wildlife to your garden as well as flowers to attract essential pollinators. Choosing columnar trees can truly pack a punch in your garden, bringing life and colour as well as providing a shield from bad weather for other plants in your garden. 1) Japanese Holly BOTANICAL NAME: Ilex crenata HARDINESS RATING: H6 FOLIAGE: EVERGREEN MAX GROWING WIDTH: 1.5M This slow-growing, evergreen tree can grow up to 8m in height, whilst spreading to no more than about 1.5m. This handsome fellow has glossy green leaves and produces small white flowers in summer, which are followed by pretty black fruits. Japanese holly is easy to grow and is best suited to a sunny spot, or partial shade, in well-drained soil. These are an excellent option if you are keen to create a privacy screen or just to add shape to the edging of your garden. Do keep in mind that it can take them between ten and twenty years to reach their ultimate height, so if you’re eager to have a privacy screen quickly, this may not be the best option for you. That said, they are beautiful trees and well worth the wait. 2) Cherry Plum BOTANICAL NAME: Prunus cerasifera ‘Crimson Pointe’ HARDINESS RATING: H6 FOLIAGE: DECIDUOUS MAX GROWING WIDTH: 2.5M Cherry Plum is a gorgeous, purple-leaved, flowering blossom tree that is ideal for a smaller garden. Growing in a robust and columnar shape, it also produces dainty, fragrant, pink-white flowers in spring and, if you are lucky, may also reward you with a small crop of plums. This deciduous tree has dense foliage and grows to around 6m in height, making it another superb option for a privacy screen. Cherry Plum trees are easy to grow and very cold-hardy. They prefer a spot in full sun and well-drained soil. These trees are very low maintenance and will usually only require light pruning; they are also fast-growing, reaching their full height within ten years. 3) Cherry ‘Amanogawa’ BOTANICAL NAME: Prunus ‘Amanogawa’ HARDINESS RATING: H6 FOLIAGE: DECIDUOUS MAX GROWING WIDTH: 3M Another narrow cherry tree worth considering is the ‘Amanogawa’. This gorgeous, slender, Japanese variety is perfect if you want to add a splash of colour to your compact garden. ‘Amanogawa’ is a small, deciduous tree and, while its foliage is not as dense as the ‘Crimson Pointe’ trees, it does produce showy, pale pink blossoms in late spring. Then, come autumn, the leaves turn to dazzling shades of orange and red, providing your garden with year-round interest. These trees can reach up to around 8m in height, although it can take them between twenty to fifty years to do so. Plant in full sun with moderately fertile soil. 4) Common Hornbeam BOTANICAL NAME: Carpinus betulus HARDINESS RATING: H7 FOLIAGE: DECIDUOUS MAX GROWING WIDTH: 4M+ Hornbeams are generally narrow-growing trees anyway, but Carpinus betulus is really on the money where slender trees are concerned. These slow growers can reach heights of about 8m, although that can take all of fifty years or more to achieve! C. betulus is perfect for adding architectural interest to your garden. Plant in full sun or partial shade, in fertile, well-drained soil for best results. They require little to no pruning, but if you do want to prune then do so in early spring or late winter. With attractive green foliage that turns into a lovely shade of yellow in autumn, while also producing clusters of hop-like fruit in late summer, this tree is the gift that keeps on giving. 5) Crimson Spire Oak BOTANICAL NAME: Quercus × bimundorum ‘Crimschmidt’ HARDINESS RATING: H6 FOLIAGE: DECIDUOUS / EVERGREEN MAX GROWING WIDTH: 4M+ This stunning oak is very unique in that it grows up to 15m in height but remains narrow (for an oak), spreading to a maximum of 4m. With its slim, columnar habit of growth and its dark green foliage that changes to a stunning red in autumn, this tree is a bit of a showstopper. Though ‘Crimson Spire’ oak will tolerate both dry and moist soil, it really must be grown in full sunlight. It also tolerates urban pollution well, making it a perfect addition to an inner-city garden. ‘Crimson Spire’ oaks also provide excellent habitat for beneficial garden insects as well as for the songbirds that like to eat them, bringing life into your little garden. With the right conditions, this thin but mighty oak can live for one hundred years or more. 6) Bay Tree BOTANICAL NAME: Laurus nobilis HARDINESS RATING: H4 FOLIAGE: EVERGREEN MAX GROWING WIDTH: 4M+ Topiary bay trees are perfect for patio containers and can be cut or trained into many different shapes, such as lollipops, pyramids and balls. Bay can become very large if kept untrimmed, so this tree does require a little more care than some of the other trees on this list. That said, bay trees are slow-growing, so you have lots of time to train them into the shape of your choosing. Topiary bay trees have attractive foliage and produce sweet-fragranced yellow flowers in spring. It is worth noting, however, that frequent pruning will reduce the number of flowers they produce. The leaves can also be used in cooking, offering a fragrant flavour to soups, curries, and many other dishes. Topiary bay trees should be grown in full sun or partial shade, in well-drained soil and can be grown either in containers or just in the ground. Growing in containers will make it easier to limit their size, making them a lot easier to manage. 7) Japanese ‘Silhouette’ Maple BOTANICAL NAME: Acer palmatum ‘Tsukasa Silhouette’ HARDINESS RATING: H5 FOLIAGE: DECIDUOUS MAX GROWING WIDTH: 2M A wonderfully versatile, narrow tree, the Japanese ‘Tsukasa Silhouette’ maple can be used to create a gorgeous, ornamental hedge or as a centrepiece for your garden. Sporting handsome, lime-green foliage in spring and vibrant red foliage in autumn, this is another tree that can add a lovely aesthetic to your garden all year round. Japanese ‘Tsukasa Silhouette’ maple trees take around ten to twenty years to reach their full height of up to 6m but have a slender spread of only 1.5m. Best grown in moist, well-drained, acidic or neutral soil, these maples will tolerate full sun but will do best in partial shade. Ideally, they should be in a sheltered spot as they can fall victim to leaf scorch if they are exposed to excessive frost, wind and sun when the leaves are young. 8) Rocky Mountain Juniper ‘Blue Arrow’ BOTANICAL NAME: Juniperus scopulorum ‘Blue Arrow’ HARDINESS RATING: H6 FOLIAGE: EVERGREEN MAX GROWING WIDTH: 0.5M 9) Dwarf Mountain Pine BOTANICAL NAME: Pinus mugo HARDINESS RATING: H7 FOLIAGE: EVERGREEN MAX GROWING WIDTH: 1.5M 10) Lawson’s Cypress BOTANICAL NAME: Chamaecyparis lawsoniana HARDINESS RATING: H6 FOLIAGE: EVERGREEN MAX GROWING WIDTH: 1.5M 11) Dwarf Crab Apple BOTANICAL NAME: Malus sargentii HARDINESS RATING: H6 FOLIAGE: DECIDUOUS MAX GROWING WIDTH: 1.5M 12) Northern White Cedar BOTANICAL NAME: Thuja occidentalis HARDINESS RATING: H6 FOLIAGE: EVERGREEN MAX GROWING WIDTH: 1M 13) Chusan Palm BOTANICAL NAME: Trachycarpus fortunei HARDINESS RATING: H5 FOLIAGE: EVERGREEN MAX GROWING WIDTH: 2.5M 14) Korean Fir BOTANICAL NAME: Abies koreana HARDINESS RATING: H7 FOLIAGE: EVERGREEN MAX GROWING WIDTH: 1M 15) Oak ‘Koster’ BOTANICAL NAME: Quercus robur ‘Koster’ HARDINESS RATING: H6 FOLIAGE: DECIDUOUS MAX GROWING WIDTH: 2.5M 16) Dawyck Purple Beech Tree BOTANICAL NAME: Fagus sylvatica HARDINESS RATING: H6 FOLIAGE: DECIDUOUS MAX GROWING WIDTH: 4M+ Be A Little ‘Narrow-Minded’ Hopefully, this article has inspired you and shown that by being a little narrow-minded and choosing some narrow trees for your garden, you can breathe new life into your small space. Make sure you always do your research before planting to ensure you have space for both the spread and height of your trees. This will help you avoid having to do extreme pruning or, worse yet, organise a tree removal further down the line. As you can see, there is an abundance of narrow trees to choose from, so you will be sure to find the perfect one for your compact garden.
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These Are The 10 Fastest Growing Trees According To The Urban Forest Research Group
IN THIS GUIDE Choosing The Best Fast-Growing Trees 1) Silver Birch 2) Ash 3) ‘Nellie R. Stevens’ Holly 4) Italian Cypress 5) Sycamore 6) Weeping Willow 7) Golden Bamboo 8) Beech 9) Tulip Poplar 10) Pleached Hornbeam References If our bodies are temples and our houses are castles, then gardens must be our sanctuaries. Though many of us love showing off our gardens to friends and family, a garden should also be a secluded space just for you. Many of us choose fences or walls to secure our personal perimeter but sometimes that doesn’t feel quite enough. Trees are one fully-natural solution to this problem, but who wants to wait ten to twenty years for your privacy to be perfected? Thankfully, for those of us keen to hurry the process of privacy along, there are some speedy trees that will satisfy even the most impatient gardener among us. “The speed of growth will reflect the longevity of your tree,” adds Colin Skelly, a Master Horticulturist. “This reflects the growth strategy of the tree from an evolutionary perspective. “Birches are trees that grow quickly to take advantage of disturbed ground but tend to have a relatively short life span (decades) whilst beech grow more slowly but will achieve a greater stature as mature woodland trees and live longer. “This is worth bearing in mind when considering where, why and how long you want it to be in your garden.” Choosing The Best Fast-Growing Trees We examined research by the Urban Forest Research Group which observed the growth rate of trees in urban British environments, before comparing these findings with research from various horticultural research bodies and tree nurseries.1 From this research, we then identified ten trees which have a high annual growth rate in the UK. Here is each type of tree, ordered by their average growth in height each year: Tree Average Tree Height Increment Per Year (Centimetres) Maximum Height (Metres) Silver Birch 100.0 30 Ash 92.6 35 Nellie R.Stevens Holly 91.4 9 Italian Cypress 91.1 15 Sycamore 84.0 35 Weeping Willow 82.5 12 Golden Bamboo 75.0 12 Beech 64.3 40 Tulip Poplar 60.9 40 Pleached Hornbeam 50.0 30 You can see from these findings that Silver Birch, Ash and Nellie R.Stevens Holly are three of the fastest-growing trees to grow in the UK climate. Below we introduce each type of tree in more detail, including imagery, growth statistics and growing advice for each. 1) Silver Birch BOTANICAL NAME: BETULA PENDULA HARDINESS RATING: H7 ESTIMATED ANNUAL GROWTH RATE: 100CM MAXIMUM HEIGHT: 30M YEARS TO EVENTUAL HEIGHT: 30-50 According to Plants for a Future (PFAF), Betula pendula (more commonly known as ‘Silver Birch’) can grow up to 1M in height per year.2 That is a staggering rate of growth, though if you’re interested in growing new trees for privacy reasons, you should bear in mind that the foliage of silver birch can be sparse, especially as a deciduous tree that drops its leaves each year. With an ultimate maximum height of 30m, it shouldn’t be grown in small spaces unless confined to a container.3 2) Ash BOTANICAL NAME: FRAXINUS EXCELSIOR HARDINESS RATING: H6 ESTIMATED ANNUAL GROWTH RATE: 92.6CM MAXIMUM HEIGHT: 35M YEARS TO EVENTUAL HEIGHT: 30-50 Ash trees were named in the study by the Urban Forest Research Group as the tree with the second highest Average Tree Height Increment per year – at 0.926m. These medium-to-large sized trees form a domed canopy with light green, oval foliage. The trees are deciduous and will usually lose their leaves in Autumn. They will usually take 30-50 years to reach their eventual height which should top-out at 35m.4 3) ‘Nellie R. Stevens’ Holly BOTANICAL NAME: ILEX ‘NELLIE R.STEVENS’ HARDINESS RATING: H6 ESTIMATED ANNUAL GROWTH RATE: 91.4CM MAXIMUM HEIGHT: 9M YEARS TO EVENTUAL HEIGHT: 15-25 Holly trees are a favourite amongst us Brits, especially during the festive season, when their red berries attract bold robins into our gardens. There are many types of Holly, but if it’s speed you’re after, then look no further than the ‘Nellie R. Stevens’ cultivar. Growing up to 0.9m per year and up to an admirable height of 9m, this tree is perfect for providing privacy to both upper and lower windows.5 And, come Christmas time, the branches can be pruned and fashioned into adorable, handmade, decorations. What’s more, those spiky leaves act as a natural security system! 4) Italian Cypress BOTANICAL NAME: CUPRESSUS SEMPERVIRENS HARDINESS RATING: H5 ESTIMATED ANNUAL GROWTH RATE: 91.1CM MAXIMUM HEIGHT: 15M YEARS TO EVENTUAL HEIGHT: 20-50 The Italian Cypress is a wonderful screening tree. While most evergreens grow in a pyramidal shape, this specimen grows straight up in a narrow column. A resilient tree – particularly to drought – the Cypress is also extremely low maintenance. The only attention it needs is a little pruning, and all that requires is cutting the head off when it has reached your desired height. Most importantly, this tree grows at an annual rate of roughly 0.9m.6 At full maturity, it can reach a height of up to 15m.7 5) Sycamore BOTANICAL NAME: ACER PSEUDOPLATANUS HARDINESS RATING: H7 ESTIMATED ANNUAL GROWTH RATE: 84.0CM MAXIMUM HEIGHT: 35M YEARS TO EVENTUAL HEIGHT: 50+ Next up is the Sycamore – the second tree praised for its growth rate in research by the Urban Forest Research Group. They found that this tree would grow at a rate of up to 840cm per year. As a native of North America, the tree is very much at home here in the UK climate, with a hardiness rating of H7. The maximum height of 35m means this tree should only be grown in an area with room to accommodate its height and spread.8 6) Weeping Willow BOTANICAL NAME: SALIX BABYLONICA HARDINESS RATING: H5 ESTIMATED ANNUAL GROWTH RATE: 82.5CM MAXIMUM HEIGHT: 12M YEARS TO EVENTUAL HEIGHT: 30-50 The Weeping Willow is a champion of fast-growing trees. Ideal for larger gardens, this swift-growing sapling can grow a whopping 82.5cm a year, reach lofty heights of 12m and span an astonishing ten!9 You can expect to see foliage as early as February, and in April and May you will be treated to delicate yellow blossoms. Do take care of where you plant this glorious giant, as its roots have a tendency to spread far and wide. This is a beautiful solution for those looking to regain their privacy. 7) Golden Bamboo BOTANICAL NAME: PHYLLOSTACHYS AUREA HARDINESS RATING: H6 ESTIMATED ANNUAL GROWTH RATE: 75.0CM MAXIMUM HEIGHT: 12M YEARS TO EVENTUAL HEIGHT: 8-10 A quirky alternative to more traditional trees, this evergreen grows at an impressive rate of between 0.6-0.9m a year.10 It can very quickly grow to a height of up to 12m, but its fast-growing properties mean it is actually classed as an invasive plant by the CABI.11 Growing in pots offers an ideal compromise, as this prevents the spread of bamboo rhizomes underground. Though not technically a tree, bamboo certainly fits the bill for screening your garden. This sturdy plant is extremely easy to grow and requires little-to-no maintenance. The stems and lush leaves emerge green but, given enough sunlight, will turn a golden yellow as it ages, hence the name. 8) Beech BOTANICAL NAME: FAGUS SYLVATICA HARDINESS RATING: H6 ESTIMATED ANNUAL GROWTH RATE: 64.3CM MAXIMUM HEIGHT: 40M YEARS TO EVENTUAL HEIGHT: 20-50 Fagus sylvatica – or the Common Beech – is a large deciduous tree that will lose its leaves in autumn. It has a broad crown and produces flowers in spring and edible beechnut fruit in autumn, making them extremely popular with local wildlife. These trees grow at an annual rate of roughly 0.6m, meaning they will soon grow to a reasonable size. After 20-50 years, they should reach their staggering ultimate height of up to 40m!12 9) Tulip Poplar BOTANICAL NAME: LIRIODENDRON TULIPIFERA HARDINESS RATING: H6 ESTIMATED ANNUAL GROWTH RATE: 60.9CM MAXIMUM HEIGHT: 40M YEARS TO EVENTUAL HEIGHT: 20-50 Not only is this tree ideal for concealing whatever unsightly thing has stolen your view, but the Tulip Poplar is also a real statement piece. Blossoming in spring, it boasts glorious yellow and green flowers. Then, during the summer months, its lush leaves provide cooling shade. Finally, come Autumn, it’s leaves turn to glorious golden hues. Growing at a satisfying 0.6m a year and reaching heady heights of up to 40m, this deliciously fragrant tree will be your saviour – obscuring any unsavoury view whilst simultaneously impressing any green-fingered friends.13 10) Pleached Hornbeam BOTANICAL NAME: CARPINUS BETULUS HARDINESS RATING: H7 ESTIMATED ANNUAL GROWTH RATE: 50.0CM MAXIMUM HEIGHT: 30M YEARS TO EVENTUAL HEIGHT: 50+ Whilst the aim of the game may be to camouflage your window, you also don’t want to completely block out the light. A row of Pleached Hornbeam is an ideal solution, giving you excellent coverage without throwing you completely into darkness. “I often pleach trees because in a small garden, if you put in a natural hornbeam tree, there would be no sun left, whereas if you use a pleached tree, you are just sheltering the part of the garden you don’t want to be overlooked,” shares Landscape Architect Bunny Guinness. “Sometimes, to get extra height, we put them in raised containers. “You can train them yourselves and they will grow very fast, as you are pruning out any growth that grows outwards to focus on upward growth.” Growing up to 50cm, annually this Hornbeam isn’t our fastest-growing tree, however, it really is perfect for more modest-sized gardens, and is particularly popular among city gardeners.14 References 1. Determining Tree Growth in the Urban Forest. (n.d.). Treeconomics. Retrieved March 15, 2023, from https://www.treeconomics.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Determing-Tree-Growth-in-Urban-Forest.pdf 2. Betula pendula. (n.d.). PFAF. Retrieved March 15, 2023, from https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Betula+pendula 3. Silver Birch (Betula pendula). (n.d.). Woodland Trust. Retrieved March 15, 2023, from https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/trees-woods-and-wildlife/british-trees/a-z-of-british-trees/silver-birch/ 4. Ash (Fraxinus excelsior). (n.d.). Woodland Trust. Retrieved March 15, 2023, from https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/trees-woods-and-wildlife/british-trees/a-z-of-british-trees/ash/ 5. Everything To Know About The Nellie Stevens Holly. (2021, September 29). The Tree Center. Retrieved March 15, 2023, from https://www.thetreecenter.com/nellie-stevens-holly-complete-guide/ 6. Italian Cypress. (n.d.). Fast Growing Trees. Retrieved March 15, 2023, from https://www.fast-growing-trees.com/products/italiancypress?variant=13940765851700 7. Italian Cypress. (n.d.-b). University of Redlands. Retrieved March 15, 2023, from https://sites.redlands.edu/trees/species-accounts/italian-cypress/ 8. Sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus). (n.d.). Woodland Trust. Retrieved March 15, 2023, from https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/trees-woods-and-wildlife/british-trees/a-z-of-british-trees/sycamore/ 9. Weeping Willow Tree. (n.d.). Arbor Day Foundation. Retrieved March 15, 2023, from https://www.arborday.org/trees/treeguide/TreeDetail.cfm?ItemID=938 10. Bamboo – Golden. (n.d.). Hedges Direct. Retrieved March 15, 2023, from https://www.hedgesdirect.co.uk/acatalog/Golden-Bamboo-Phyllostachys-aurea.html 11. Rickel, C., & Rojas-Sandoval, J. (2022b, January 7). Phyllostachys aurea (golden bamboo). CABI Compendium. https://doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.42072 12. Beech, common (Fagus sylvatica). (n.d.). Woodland Trust. Retrieved March 15, 2023, from https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/trees-woods-and-wildlife/british-trees/a-z-of-british-trees/common-beech/ 13. Liriodendron tulipifera. (n.d.). Deepdale Trees. Retrieved March 15, 2023, from https://www.deepdale-trees.co.uk/trees/2010/07-Liriodendron-tulipifera.html 14. Hornbeam (Carpinus Betulus) Hedge. (n.d.). Hedge Plants. Retrieved March 15, 2023, from https://www.hedgeplants-heijnen.co.uk/beech/hornbeam-carpinus-betulus
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How To Grow And Care For Japanese Maples According To Agustin Coello-Vera
IN THIS GUIDE Overview Habitat & Growing Conditions How To Grow A Japanese Maple Japanese Maple Care FAQs References Japanese maples are small, deciduous maple trees with decorative foliage, known particularly for their spectacular display of bright red and orange-coloured leaves in the autumn months. There are a variety of Japanese maples of all different shapes, sizes and leaf colours, so you can select one which will best suit your space. They make for a great way to add colour and interest to your garden throughout the year. Across each of our Acer guides, we have collaborated with Agustin Coello-Vera, Chairman of The Maple Society. “Maples are entrancing trees with the ability to fascinate many people and are of interest throughout the year,” says Agustin. Japanese maple can be grown outside in the UK – or, as the tree is small and slow-growing, it’s well-suited to container growth. To add an oriental feel to your garden, accompanied by a burst of flaming red, orange and gold every autumn, read on for our best Japanese maple growing tips, for everything you need to know about caring for this colourful tree. Overview Botanical Name Acer palmatum Common Name(s) Japanese Maple Plant Type Tree Native Area Japan; East Asia Hardiness Rating H6 Foliage Paired, often palmately-lobed leaves, often vibrant foliage, especially in autumn When To Sow January, February, March, October, November, December Flowering Months March, April, May When To Prune January, December Japanese maples (Acers) are slow-growing trees originating from Japan and other parts of Asia. The red cultivars are particularly popular in Europe, and all colours are frequent additions to oriental-style gardens. Most Japanese maple trees grow to a maximum of 2m in height – although there are some varieties that can reach up to 10m. Due to their small size, Japanese maples are ideally suited to smaller gardens, borders and containers. There are hundreds of cultivars of Japanese maple. Leaf colour varies dramatically across cultivars – new leaves can be anything from lime green to pink or purple, whilst autumn colouring ranges from yellow and orange, to bright red and burgundy. Other names for Japanese maple include red emperor maple and palmate maple (so-called after the shape of the leaves). Habitat & Growing Conditions The native habitat of the Japanese maple is, unsurprisingly, Japan – as well as parts of Korea, where it grows in a temperate climate.1 “The popular Japanese maples come from an area with rich, acid, sandy soils where it rains a lot throughout the year,” explains Agustin. “The closer your growing conditions are to those conditions, the happier your Japanese maples will be.” “Japanese maples are hardy but should be grown in sheltered non-waterlogged sites,” argues Horticulturist Dan Ori. “They will often tolerate a range of soil conditions but prefer slightly acidic moist soil. “As my soil is alkaline I grow my Japanese Acers in containers using peat-free ericaceous compost and water with rainwater to keep the soil pH acidic, I top dress a 5cm (2inch) layer of fresh ericaceous compost each autumn or spring.” Most cultivars favour a shaded or partially shaded growing location, although some sun is required for redder varieties. The tree can tolerate and grow in most soil types, including sand and clay, although it prefers soil with a high content of organic matter. “There is a difference between tolerating with lots of help and years to adapt, rather than thriving from the moment it is planted,” says Dan Ori. “Japanese Acers will tolerate most soil types but only really do well in acidic moist but not wet soil.” How To Grow A Japanese Maple You can buy Japanese maple as grafted trees from garden centres and online retailers. If you’re seeking a specific variety, specialist growers and flower shows often have a more extensive range. Look for healthy-looking, colourful foliage, with no brown tips to the leaves, or obvious signs of pests. You can also grow Japanese maple from seeds, however, you should be aware that they will not grow true to their cultivar. Planting Japanese maples are most often grown from grafted trees, although it is possible to grow them from seed. The best time to plant them is from October to March. Exposure Although they are hardy plants, they do best when placed in sheltered spots, out of strong winds with some dappled shade. You can grow Japanese maple in your garden borders, or in a container – a container has the advantage of allowing you to move the tree between sunny and shaded areas. However, be aware that you will need to re-pot every couple of years. Japanese Maple Care Trees growing in a container will also need to be lifted off the ground and the roots covered over winter, to protect them from frost (trees growing in the ground should not require any protection). The roots require plenty of space to grow, so try not to position Japanese maple too close to other plants; although they like to spread out, the roots don’t go deep – you should plant with the roots no more than 3cm below the surface of the soil. Watering & Feeding Water the tree regularly when first planted, particularly over the first summer. Continue to water during periods of dry weather, or if growing your tree in a container. Add organic fertiliser and mulch to the soil annually in spring, to encourage moisture retention and aid growth (do not allow the mulch to touch the trunk, as this can cause it to rot). FAQs Should My Japanese Maple Be Given Full Sun Or Shade? Most cultivars of Japanese maple prefer dappled shade. There are some exceptions – cultivars with bright red and purple leaves need access to full sun in order to develop their deep colouring. Poor autumn colouring can also be a sign your tree is not getting enough sunlight. Make sure to research what your chosen cultivar needs before planting. When Should You Plant A Japanese Maple? The best time to plant a Japanese maple is during the winter months, from October to March. This allows the roots of the plant to become established whilst the tree is in its winter dormancy period. What Should I Do If My Japanese Maple’s Bark Starts Splitting? Bark splitting is a fairly common problem for Japanese maples, as they have thin bark. Splitting can be caused by animals, or by unfavourable environmental conditions – for example, overexposure to sunlight, cold winds, or cold temperatures in late spring, after the tree has begun expanding for the growing season. “Japanese maples should always be grown in a sheltered position to minimise leaf scorch and splitting of stems and branches,” advises Dan Ori. “Splitting problems can occur when frosted plants and hit by the early morning sun.” If your Japanese maple’s bark starts splitting, you should firstly prune away any damaged bark on its branches. If your tree is healthy, it will hopefully recover by itself, in time. If not, you should consult an Arborist for professional advice on how to proceed. To help prevent bark splitting, try to plant your Japanese maple in a sheltered spot, and keep it sufficiently watered and mulched, especially during dry periods. References 1. Acer palmatum Thunb. (n.d.). Kew Royal Botanic Gardens. Retrieved March 9, 2023, from https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:927504-1
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Leylandii Plant Care Guidelines: Read This Before Planting This Fast-Growing Conifer
IN THIS GUIDE Overview Common Varieties Plant Care & Growing Tips Habitat & Growing Conditions Pruning Leylandii Common Problems Neighbourly Disputes How To Stop Leylandii Growing References The Leylandii (x Cuprocyparis leylandii) is a fast-growing, evergreen conifer that makes up much of our British hedgerows, and divides many a garden – and opinion. A UK-born hybrid of the Monterey cypress and Nootka cypress trees, Leylandii is a hardy plant which grows quickly and easily in the UK and thrives in a wide variety of soils.1 When properly pruned and managed, it makes the ideal hedgerow or screen – dense, green, and capable of reaching great heights. Many people admire Leylandii for its impressive size and foliage, which can provide shade and shelter, and create a feeling of privacy in even the most overlooked gardens. But it’s not for everyone – this thirsty tree consumes a lot of nutrients from the soil, and can block out much-desired sunlight.2 Leylandii is responsible for more than its fair share of neighbourly disputes! Providing you know what you’re getting into, Leylandii can make a highly advantageous addition to your garden. Overview Botanical Name Leylandii Common Name(s) Leyland Cypress Plant Type Tree Native Area North America Hardiness Rating H6 Foliage Evergreen When To Sow March, April When To Prune May, June, August, September Leylandii is said to have originated on the Leighton Hall estate, near Powys in Wales. Here, the Monterey cypress and Nootka cypress trees, which are both native to North America and usually grow 400 miles apart, were brought into contact for the first time.3 They were cross-fertilised, creating 6 clone plants, and the Leylandii (or Leyland Cypress) as we know it today was born.4 Leylandii is a fast-growing, pyramidal conifer that can reach over 30m tall. It has reddish-grey ridged bark, and brown slender twigs – although these are mostly concealed by the dense green foliage. This foliage consists of scaly, over-lapping leaves in flat sprays. The tree also produces ball-shaped brown cones, which on male plants have yellow tips at the end. Common Varieties The two most common variants of Leylandii are Green and Golden – of these, the green variant is the most common. It grows faster and taller than the gold, and its leaves are finer, scalier, and more blue-green in colour. In comparison, Golden Leylandii leaves are, unsurprisingly, gold-tinted. Within each variant are many different cultivars, including the bright green ‘Hillspire’, the blue-tinged ‘Naylor’s Blue’, and the yellow-tipped ‘Gold Rider’. Leylandii has stunning green and yellow foliage As is common in hybrid plants, Leylandii is sterile and is not capable of reproducing itself. This means that all of the numerous Leylandii plants growing in the UK today were planted by humans. Leylandii’s popularity stems from its dense foliage, inexpensive cost, and quick-growing nature (it can grow around 1m every year). The thick, evergreen foliage ensures it looks good year-round and can provide effective shade and shelter from the elements, as well as a privacy screen between gardens, a barrier against noise pollution, and a home for wildlife – it’s great for encouraging more birds into your garden. Plant Care & Growing Tips Soil Requirements The Leylandii is a hardy plant and will grow in many types of soil. However, Leylandii plants need a lot of nutrients and will drain your soil dry. In order to compensate, you will need to add a lot of compost or rotted manure, to replace the nutrients – the best times to do this are spring and autumn. Watering Similarly, Leylandii also has a high water requirement, and you should water it regularly with your garden hose whilst it’s growing. Once established, it is more tolerant to periods of drought, however, you should still water it to achieve the best growth. Leylandii does not like waterlogged soil, so make sure the area has good drainage. Full sunlight is preferred, but it will also grow well in partially shaded areas. Planting The best time to plant Leylandii is in spring or summer. Dig a hole twice the size of its root ball system, and place the Leylandii in the hole, ensuring that the top of the root ball is no more than 1cm below the top of the soil. Add potting soil to the hole to give the plant a nutrient boost, and pack the soil down. Water until it is moist, but not saturated. In order to grow Leylandii as a hedgerow, you should position the young plants approximately 1m apart from each other (and a reasonable distance from any buildings). Keep them well-fed and watered, and within 3–4 years, they should grow into each other and form a hedge. Trim it regularly to keep it under control, and in the desired shape (see more on pruning below). Due to its high nutrient and water needs, it can be difficult to grow other plants around your Leylandii. If you want to do so, you’ll need to choose hardy varieties that can cope with impoverished soil. Some good examples of ground-cover plants that can grow around Leylandii include periwinkle (Vinca minor), bergenia, and Welsh poppies. Habitat & Growing Conditions As the Leylandii is technically native to the UK (being the child of two American trees, but ‘born’ over here), it is tolerant of our seasonal climate, including wind and cold temperatures. It can grow in sunny and partially shaded areas, sheltered or exposed, and will withstand temperatures between -25-30°C. As far as soil goes, Leylandii isn’t too fussy there either and will grow in everything from sandy, clay or chalky soil – as long as it is moist. However, it doesn’t like waterlogged ground, as this can cause root rot, so the soil must have sufficient drainage. It is happy in both acidic and alkaline pHs. Pruning Leylandii Regular pruning of your Leylandii is essential – this is an especially fast-growing plant, and once it grows too tall, it can become very difficult to trim back. Neglected Leylandii can quickly become a source of neighbourly tension! Pruning too much at once can also mean the plant won’t regrow, causing a brown patch, so it’s best to keep on top of it. It’s important to regularly cut back your hedging You should aim to prune your Leylandii twice a year (or more if required), to keep it at the desired shape and height. Aim for a height of around 2m, as this will ensure you can easily maintain it, and keep it looking its best, with even foliage throughout the plant. If your Leylandii grows too tall, it may not be able to get enough nutrients from the surrounding soil, and the lower branches may shed their leaves. It’s also important to note that trimmed old wood will not grow new leaves, so you want to make sure you’re cutting new green shoots, as well as removing any dead branches – and the way to do this is by regular trimming. A good time to prune is in late spring/early summer, and then again in late summer/early autumn. Providing your Leylandii is within your reach, there’s no reason you can’t prune it yourself using pruning shears. Otherwise, you may wish to employ the services of a professional tree surgeon. If you want to significantly cut back or fell a Leylandii that’s near your home, you will probably need to do this in stages (a tree surgeon will be able to advise). Gradual cut back will allow the surrounding soil to adjust to the higher water content as the Leylandii consumes less, and will prevent soil heave, which can cause damage to buildings. Common Problems Leylandii is susceptible to canker disease and blight. Kabatina Shoot Blight One such example is Kabatina shoot blight, a damaging fungal infection which causes foliage to turn brown, and eventually grey, and needles to drop early. If your Leylandii is struck by this, prune the infected branches, apply a copper fungicide, and give it plenty of food and water to enable it to fight the disease. If this doesn’t work, you will have to remove the plant from the hedgerow. Honey Fungus Another fungal infection to watch out for is honey fungus. This deadly fungus spreads underground, and attacks the roots of the Leylandii plant, causing them to die and decay. Symptoms include leaves turning pale and dying, a white layer of fungus in the bark at the base of the plant, and honey-coloured toadstools appearing in the autumn. There is no cure for honey fungus – an infected plant must be removed and destroyed, and a physical barrier created to avoid it spreading to neighbouring plants. Pests Common Leylandii pests include bagworms, scale insects and conifer aphids. Aphids (greenflies) can affect your Leylandii’s growth, sucking its sap and excreting a sticky residue (honeydew), which can make it vulnerable to mould. Signs that your Leylandii is affected include visible bugs, honeydew and distorted leaves. Infestations are usually controlled by natural predators in summer. Neighbourly Disputes The biggest problems faced by Leylandii owners occur as a result of the plant growing too tall and out-of-hand, particularly in residential locations. Leylandii can often cause unwanted shade and needle-dropping in surrounding gardens, leading to disgruntled neighbours and neighbourly disputes.5 If you’re considering planting Leylandii, and you have close neighbours, you should always be considerate. Ensure your hedge is kept well-trimmed, so it doesn’t encroach on your neighbour’s garden, and ideally less than 2m high, so that it doesn’t block out light. If any part of your hedge crosses the boundary into a neighbouring garden, your neighbour has a right to trim back that part.6 If a neighbour believes your Leylandii is damaging or affecting their enjoyment of their property, they can also put in a complaint to the council. How To Stop Leylandii Growing Leylandii is a hardy, fast-growing plant that can quickly grow out-of-hand – un-trimmed trees have been known to reach over 30m tall, and 8m wide. The only real way to stop a Leylandii growing is to kill it, or remove it from your garden. If you need to stop Leylandii by removing it, it would be best to enlist the help of a tree surgeon, who can advise on the best course of action. This may involve cutting the tree down gradually, to allow the surrounding soil time to adjust, and avoid soil heave. The best way you can prevent Leylandii growing too high is by regular pruning. As long as you do this 2-3 times a year, and cut it back enough each time, you shouldn’t need to worry. “As a quick-growing hedge, you can’t ask for better than Leylandii but, unless you want to fall out with your neighbours, be prepared to cut it back several times a year to keep on top of it because if you can’t cut back into the wood, it will have a tendency to increase in size year-by-year,” shares Master Horticulturist Colin Skelly. “If you have the space (lots of it) you can let it do its thing and allow it to grow into a specimen tree.” Aim to keep it below 2m tall, so you can easily maintain it – and keep your neighbours happy. References 1. Leyland Cypress (Cupressus x leylandii). (n.d.). Woodland Trust. Retrieved March 21, 2023, from https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/trees-woods-and-wildlife/british-trees/a-z-of-british-trees/leyland-cypress/ 2. BBC. (2006, October 23). Ask the gardener: Hedges. Retrieved March 21, 2023, from https://www.bbc.co.uk/lancashire/content/articles/2008/01/08/hedges_feature.shtml 3. Taxodium distichum. (2019). The University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved March 21, 2023, from https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=tadi2 4. Types of Leylandii. (2021, September 24). Leylandii.com. Retrieved March 21, 2023, from https://www.leylandii.com/types-of-leylandii/ 5. Our least popular export? (2014, September 24). BBC Gardening. Retrieved March 21, 2023, from https://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/content/articles/2005/06/06/garden_leyland_feature.shtml 6. High hedges – neighbour disputes. (n.d.). Leeds.Gov.uk. Retrieved March 21, 2023, from https://www.leeds.gov.uk/planning/high-hedges-neighbour-disputes
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Grow Euonymus ‘Spindle’ To Add Structure To Shady Gardens Says Colin Skelly
IN THIS GUIDE Overview Habitat & Growing Conditions How To Grow Euonymus Growing Euonymus As Hedging References Euonymus plants are incredibly popular in the UK and come in a wide variety of colours. Euonymus can be found in countless gardens and parks throughout the UK and its many varieties make it perfect if you’re looking to add some colour and variety to your garden. They are known by several names depending on the country – some common terms for Euonymus plants include Spindle Tree, Strawberry Bush and Wintercreeper. Euonymus comprises a series of flowering plants, of which there are roughly 140 species – some being deciduous and some evergreen.1 Overview Botanical Name Euonymus Common Name(s) Spindle; Strawberry Bush; Wintercreeper Plant Type Shrub / Hedging / Tree Native Area Mostly native to East Asia Hardiness Rating H5 Foliage Evergreen or deciduous Flowers Small flowers followed by colourful fruits When To Sow March, April, September, October Flowering Months June, July, August According to records from Kew, Euonymus is native to almost all of the Northern Hemisphere, as well as many countries in central and south-east Asia – as far as Queensland in Australia.2 Although Euonymus plants do have some practical uses (Spindle is used to make charcoal and spinning wool, amongst other things) their popularity is mostly a result of their appearance.3 Euonymus plants look great in a variety of settings and their vibrant foliage (available in a range of colours) makes them perfect for any and all gardens. “Whilst not the most fashionable of plants, Euonymous is a valuable garden plant, particularly for creating structure in shady gardens,” shares Master Horticulturist Colin Skelly. “Some of the variegated cultivars can be quite slow growing but others, such as E. japonicus, are very quick and make good bulletproof hedges and shelter belt plants.” Habitat & Growing Conditions The habitat and growing conditions of Euonymus will usually vary depending on the species. Spindle, Euonymous europaeus, can usually be found growing on the edge of forests. When it grows in the wild, it provides great value to wildlife, with a range of insects feeding on its leaves, including caterpillars, moths and butterflies.4 As with other species of Euonymus, spindle does well in the shade and typically grows between 3-6m tall, although it can grow higher when allowed to grow into a tree. How To Grow Euonymus One incredibly useful attribute of Euonymus plants is that they do very well in the shade. This makes them easy ‘set and forget’ plants for a shaded garden corner that receives little sunlight. However, if you want the leaves to be at their most vibrant, then it’s a good idea to ensure they get at least some light during the day. E. fortunei ‘Sunspot’ Euonymus plants also require very little watering once they’re established and can even tolerate droughts. Generally, you won’t need to use fertiliser for Euonymus plants. However, if you’re planting them in a container or the soil condition is quite poor, then you can use an all-purpose shrub fertiliser on them. Planting Euonymus can be planted at pretty much any time of the year, providing the soil is in decent condition and not frozen. That being said, there are certain times of the year that are more optimal for planting than others – the best time to plant Euonymus would be early spring or late summer. When it comes to picking the right spot to plant Euonymus, the main thing you want to ensure is that it has adequate space; this will allow for proper air circulation and help to prevent problems from setting in. Make sure you dig a hole that’s roughly twice the size of the root ball and if you want, you can add some fertiliser to the soil when first planting it. You should water it regularly for the first year, but after that it will require very little, if any, watering. Growing Euonymus As Hedging Euonymus plants are very often used for hedging due to their low maintenance and ability to cope in most environments. There are also certain species that grow to be very tall, making them great for privacy and creating shade. Below are some of the best species of Euonymus you can use for hedging. ‘Emerald ‘n’ Gold’ Possibly one of the more obvious choices as a hedging plant. Not only does it look great, with its green and gold leaves, but it also grows at a decent rate without needing too much pruning. Evergreen Spindle Another great Euonymus plant for hedging would be E. japonicus. As we mentioned earlier, the high growth rate makes it perfect for getting a lot of coverage. This plant isn’t just practical though, it also looks great thanks to its yellow and green leaves – while it also sprouts pink fruits in the autumn. ‘Emerald Gaiety’ ‘Emerald Gaiety’ would work very well for hedging too – its compact structure and striking white-tinted leaves make it an excellent alternative to more common types of Euonymus like ‘Emerald ‘n’ Gold’. References 1. Euonymus. (n.d.). North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. Retrieved March 15, 2023, from https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/euonymus/ 2. Euonymus. (n.d.-b). Kew Royal Botanic Gardens. Retrieved March 15, 2023, from https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:331601-2 3. Spindle (Euonymus europaeus). (n.d.). Woodland Trust. Retrieved March 15, 2023, from https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/trees-woods-and-wildlife/british-trees/a-z-of-british-trees/spindle/ 4. Spindle Ermine. (n.d.). Butterfly Conservation. Retrieved March 15, 2023, from https://butterfly-conservation.org/moths/spindle-ermine
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