Growing
'Snakeshead' Fritillary Growing Advice From The Chairman Of The Fritillaria Group
IN THIS GUIDE Overview Fritillary Types How To Grow Fritillaries Fritillary Plant Care Common Problems References If you’re looking for an attractive plant with an impressive CV, consider fritillaries. Boasting lilting lantern-like flowers, fritillaries are closely related to lilies and have a long history of use in ornamental gardening and horticultural settings. They bring an undeniably exotic feel to any garden, and most varieties allude to oriental shapes and themes. In the course of producing this guide I contacted Dr Robert Wallis, Chairman of The Fritillaria Group. He shared just why these plants are so popular and well-loved in the UK. “The genus Fritillaria contains around 180 different species from many different habitats around the world. “Most grow in Mediterranean climates at varying altitudes, whilst some are semi-desert plants. “Others come from more northerly places and adapt well to life in UK”. Though originally hailing from Europe and Asia, British gardeners have been familiar with fritillaries for several hundred years.1 Looking at the plant, it’s easy to see how they made a good first impression, and how they’ve endured centuries of evolving trends and fashions. Incorporating fritillaries into your garden is a way to bring genuine beauty, while giving a nod to their proud cultural and historical background. Overview Botanical Name Fritillaria species Common Name(s) Crown Imperials, Snake’s Head Plant Type Bulb / Perennial Flower Native Area Europe & Asia Hardiness Rating H4-H7 Foliage Deciduous Flowers Nodding bowl / bell-shaped flowers When To Sow September, October Flowering Months April, May Fritillaria meleagris is considered to be the type species of the Fritillaria genus, which in non-jargon terms means that this is the variety most indicative of the appearance and characteristics of related plants. In the image below, you can see the bowing stem of F. meleagris – also called snake’s head – with its iconic flower resembling a bell or lantern. In most varieties the flowers are solitary, making them all the more visually impressive. The mottling on the petals offers visual interest distinct from other flowers with single-colour petals, and this subtle aspect can be used to great effect when designing flower beds. “The species name F. meleagris matches the scientific name of turkeys and guinea fowls, and there is something akin to their feathers in the plant’s petals,” adds Master Horticulturist Peter Lickorish. Fritillary Types “There are a few species which are easy in the garden”, says Robert. “Others are more exacting in their requirements and present various degrees of challenge to grow successfully”. For those growing Fritillarias for the first time, Robert suggests: “start with the easy (cheap!) ones like F. meleagris and F. imperialis for the garden but be aware that Fritillaria is a large genus and the species have widely differing requirements for successful cultivation”. Below we share a selection particularly well-suited to British gardens – each a recipient of the RHS Award of Garden Merit. Snake’s Head Fritillary Botanical Name: F. meleagris This species is an easy-to-grow favourite, says Robert: “Fritillaria meleagris is a beautiful and easy species in the garden. Unlike most species, it revels in moist soil, particularly in a meadow situation.” The delicate purple flowers of this variety capture the aesthetic and atmosphere you can expect from other varieties: the colour and petal pattern may change between varieties, but the bowing appearance and gentle confidence remains. This variety enjoys full sun or partial shade and moist, well-drained soil. It isn’t fussy with aspect, exposure, soil type, or soil acidity. Siberian Fritillary Botanical Name: F. pallidiflora This variety boasts creamy flowers, bunched together a bit more tightly than the meleagris, hinting at the varied aesthetics centred on the common fritillary theme. White and pale flowers are an ever-popular feature in flower beds and plant displays, meaning the Siberian plant should be right at home in many contexts. The preferred growing conditions are the same as those for F. meleagris. Crown Imperial Botanical Name: F. imperialis Tussles of orangey flowers hanging below a crown of green leaves almost bring to mind a pineapple, which isn’t something that can be said about many flowers. For this reason, F. imperialis makes a quirky and striking contribution to any outdoor space, especially if you’re riffing on exotic themes. The crown imperial like full sun and well-drained soil, alluding to the different conditions preferred between Fritillaria varieties. Pointed-Petal Fritillary Botanical Name: F. acmopetala The petal frond framing a brownish purple central section almost resembles the shape of a model boasting a 1960s haircut. However you perceive the form and colour of this flower, though, you can’t deny that it makes an attractive addition to any flower arrangement with whites, browns, oranges, or yellow. This variety shares growing preferences with the crown imperial. Other favourites grown by Dr. Robert Wallis include: F. gibbosa – “A semi-desert species from Iran. It has fabulous pink outward-facing flowers. It only needs water from December to March otherwise it is kept dry in the greenhouse.” F. obliqua – “Has lovely black flowers. It hails from cool situations in Greece and enjoys a decidedly Mediterranean moist winter and dry summer. It is still necessary to keep it cool in summer though. How To Grow Fritillaries Preferred growing conditions vary across the different types of fritillaria, so make sure to check the specific requirements of the variety you’re planning to grow. The information in the following sections is given as a general guide. Where To Grow In the varieties introduced above, we saw that some (snake’s head and Siberian) can make do with partial shade or moist soil, while others (crown imperial and pointed-petal) require full sunlight and well-drained soil. For this reason, you’ll need to research the preferences of the varieties you’re planning to plant to ensure that each can thrive. In general, fritillaries are less fussy with soil type and pH than exposure, aspect, moisture levels, and hardiness. On the last point, hardiness ratings in the varieties above range from H4 (suitable to temperatures of around -10°C) to H7 (suitable below -20°C). If you live in particularly cold parts of the UK, double-check that your planned fritillary can handle the expected temperatures. “Each year I really hope to see birds feeding from the nectar of the crown imperial fritillary,” says Peter. “It is well documented that small birds, such as blue tits, will perch on the stems and lift their heads into the flowers, but I’m yet to see it. A good excuse to plant more, I suppose!” Planting You’ll want to plant your tall crown fritillary bulbs about 30cm below the soil surface, in September or October, whereas lower-growing snake’s head bulbs can go in at 5-8cm deep. The general rule when planting bulbs is to plant them with the tip facing up or, if it’s unclear which bit is the tip, plant them on their sides. They’ll struggle to grow if planted tip-down. Fritillary Plant Care Feeding You can feed fritillaries each spring, with a fertiliser that releases nutrients slowly – potash is one option. Avoid using fertilisers high in nitrogen, as this carries the risk of encouraging surrounding grasses to grow, rather than your flowers. Watering Water well after planting your bulbs, as moist soil conditions will encourage healthy growth. Fritillaries don’t need too much watering when in bloom – just be vigilant during especially dry periods. Pruning You don’t need to prune any variety of fritillaries – hallelujah! We told you they were easy to grow. Propagating Your plants will produce ‘offsets’ each year, which are baby bulbs. You can dig these up by carefully separating them from the parent bulb. Either plant the offset elsewhere, leaving enough space between plants to avoid overcrowding, or give them to a friend to spread the fritillary love. Common Problems This flower isn’t prone to any nasty plant diseases, which is another tick in the ‘easy to grow’ box. Aside from a few sneaky pests who may try to feast on their alluring petals and stems, fritillaries most likely won’t encounter many problems. Slugs & Snails It feels like we write a slugs and snails section in almost every plant care & growing guide we publish. These guys are relentless, and their quest to feast on your lovingly-tended flowers is unceasing. But thankfully, there are a few ways to keep them at bay. Lily Beetles Fritillaries are also prone to lily beetles, because of their similarity to the flower. These pests lay their eggs on leaf undersides, which then hatch, releasing lots of hungry larvae to feast upon leaves, leaving a trail of unsightly excrement in their wake. “Both the adult and larvae of the striking red Lily Beetle likes to eat fritillary leaves” says Robert. “They are best captured and squashed.” The first step is to remove beetles and their eggs by hand, before they hatch and begin to wreak havoc. You can also encourage predatorial wildlife to visit your garden, which will eat the beetles and keep their populations in check. “Lily beetle will even eat the flowers, so try to manage this pest,” says Peter. “I find cupping a hand underneath the stem and knocking them into it stops them from pulling off their favourite trick of dropping onto soil and lying upside down. “If they do this, they become almost invisible.” These unfussy and attractive plants are a pleasure to grow, and will delight anyone who steps foot in your garden. References 1. Fritillaria meleagris. (n.d.). Kew Royal Botanic Gardens. Retrieved March 16, 2023, from https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:535213-1
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Thalictrum 'Meadow Rue': This Alluring Flower Will Bring Energy And Colour To Any Garden
IN THIS GUIDE Overview Thalictrum Varieties How To Grow Thalictrum Thalictrum Plant Care Overwintering Propagation Companion Planting References With its tall height, impressive blooms and tolerance of little to no maintenance, thalictrum is a dream addition to any garden. More commonly known as ‘Meadow Rue’ (or, in some parts of the United States, ‘Feathered Columbine’), thalictrum is a beautiful meadow flower which will bring scale, energy and colour to any garden. With some species and cultivars capable of exceeding 2m in height, it’s a plant that will tower over other species, providing a pleasing contrast to smaller shrubs and ferns. Overview Botanical Name Thalictrum Common Name(s) Meadow Rue, Feathered Columbine Plant Type Perennial Native Area Europe, Temperate Asia Hardiness Rating H5 Foliage Deciduous Flowers Panicles or racemes of small flowers with showy stamens When To Sow March, April Flowering Months May, June, July, August Deadheading Months May When To Prune June, July, August, September There’s something about the way that its delicate clumps of flowerheads catch the wind, swaying atop their slender stems, that eases the heart and soul. Even better, this picturesque flower won’t typically demand the attention that might be expected of such a visual crowd-pleaser. In fact, thalictrum is one of the hardiest and therefore easiest plants it is possible to grow; it isn’t too fussy about its exact planting conditions; it doesn’t require a whole lot in the way of maintenance throughout its lifespan, either. Thalictrum Varieties When most people hear the word Thalictrum, they probably think of the willowy perennials found in woodlands and meadows across the UK. While the taller variety of the plant is probably the most famous, there are actually more than 210 thalictrum species across the globe.1 These can vary hugely in appearance and nature, from dwarf strains which straddle the ground to the towering airy specimens famous at home. “I really like is Thalictrum ‘Splendide White’ – it is absolutely fabulous,” shares Garden Designer Lachlan Rae. “The reason I like it is because it has very neat rosettes on its foliage and a beautiful flower. It can be easily concealed in a border and is fantastic to use in a successional planting scheme.” For those searching for more specific inspiration, here are a handful of our favourite thalictrum varieties: T. aquilegiifolium The cultivars ‘Thundercloud’ or ‘Purple Cloud’ are popular varieties of this ubiquitous plant. They can exceed 1m in height and its tall, spindly stems are topped off with lavender blooms accentuated by deep purple stamens. It makes for a truly beautiful cut flower. T. aquilegiifolium var. album A close relative of the ‘Thundercloud’ cultivar mentioned above, T. aquilegiifolium var. album is even taller than its cousin, growing up to 1.4m in total. But while the ‘Thundercloud’ features tight clusters of pink and purple flowers, this strain is more notable for its fluffy white blooms which reach outwards and upwards with very thin petals. T. delavayi Another of the most popular strains of thalictrum, T. delavayi is capable of growing up to 1m in height and produces cloudy blossoms of lilac and white flowers beginning in midsummer and blooming right through until early autumn. It’s an ideal option for herbaceous borders and also makes a very pretty cut flower in its own right. T. filamentosum A slightly smaller variety of thalictrum, T. filamentosum grows up to around 60cm and features delicate sprays of tiny white flowers. That bright colour provides a very pleasing contrast to the backdrop of green foliage flecked with red in the stems. It doesn’t bring a whole lot in the way of biodiversity to your garden – but it will brighten the palette of your borders. T. tuberosum Native to the Pyrenees mountains, T. tuberosum is an alpine variety of thalictrum that’s quite unlike most of its family members. That’s partly down to the fact that it’s happiest when exposed to direct sunlight, partly because of its bulbous cream flowers and partly due to its smaller size – at just 40cm, it is positively diminutive in comparison to most thalictrum species. T. minus ‘Adiantifolium’ Another dwarf species, T. minus ‘Adiantifolium’ is capable of growing up to a maximum of 60cm in height. At its lower levels, the foliage is reminiscent of ferns, while higher up the tall stems give way to teensy yellow and brown flowers. A late bloomer, this species won’t begin to show off its charming colours until July and August, making it a great combination option to keep your display alive later in the year. How To Grow Thalictrum Whichever species of thalictrum you decide to plump for – or whether you prefer to mix and match varieties to create a multi-level and multi-layered spectrum of colour in your garden, it’s reassuring to know that this plant invariably performs well in almost all conditions. Where To Grow The height of many species means that it might be advisable to plant against a wall or fence, but they make great additions to any border. They’ll perform well in full sun or partial shade and will tolerate most soil types, though they prefer fertile, slightly acidic and well-drained land to bring best results. Sowing & Planting If replanting a thalictrum species from a pot, dig a large hole to give plenty of room for the roots to manoeuvre, then add some top-quality compost and fill in the excess with soil. Water plentifully, especially at the outset, to ensure that the thalictrum takes to its new home without any issues. As for when to plant thalictrum, that depends on whether you are using seeds or divided plants. If the former, plant the seeds in the autumn at a depth of at least 3mm and ensure the soil remains moist throughout the colder months. Germination can be unpredictable and takes anywhere between two weeks and two years to occur. If planting from divided plants, space the specimens at a remove of 15cm (for dwarf varieties) and 90cm (for tall varieties) from one another and plant them in the spring. Thalictrum Plant Care One of the most attractive aspects of thalictrum – other than their eye-catching blooms in spring, summer and autumn – is the fact that they require very little in the way of upkeep. Soil & Mulching It’s a good idea to mulch the soil and even perhaps lightly fertilise it when spring rolls around, but neither action is absolutely imperative. The only real necessity is ensuring that the soil does not dry out completely after a long spell of arid weather. T. aquilegiifolium ‘Thundercloud’ Fortunately, thalictrum is not susceptible to many diseases or pests, meaning it shouldn’t require too much attention for the entirety of its lifespan. Staking You may wish to pare back the stems after flowering, although there is value in leaving the blooms to wither in autumn and early winter due to the attractiveness of the seed heads even as they are dying off. Due to the height of many thalictrum varieties, staking their stems is a popular method of providing support to the top-heavy flower blooms. While this can be very effective and actually essential in some cases, one of the most striking things about thalictrum is the almost performative way in which the flowers dance and float upon the breeze. Staking them might provide support, but can also restrict this aesthetically pleasing movement. One alternative is to plant complementary and contrasting shrubs and plants in its vicinity, such as Delphinium, which can provide support for its growth without encroaching on its mobility. “I grow Thalictrum tight to other mid-height perennials and shrubs, allowing these neighbours to support its flower stems,” says Master Horticulturist Colin Skelly. “This allows the feathery flowers to mingle amongst other perennials naturally rather than tying in or other supports which make the flower stems look a little stiff.” Another method of avoiding the worst effects of a blustery wind is to plant the thalictrum in an area not exposed to strong gusts, such as against a wall or fence. This, too, can provide support without inhibiting movement as much as staking might. Overwintering Though the exact flowering times of thalictrum will vary depending on the specific strain you opt for, they generally bloom from early to mid-July. They should continue to produce impressive displays throughout summer and, even when they begin to die away in autumn, the seed heads can still look impressive for months after the blossoms have long since withered away. As the plant dies off, the foliage will turn from the bright green which gives the plant its Latin name (a literal translation is “grow green”) to a faded ochre colour. This can create an eye-catching contrast with the plants around it, meaning you may want to allow the plant to die back completely before involving yourself. Autumn Thalictrum Its tendency to change colour in the colder months makes it one of those herbaceous varieties which still produce impressive results even after they have exited the blooming stage. Once the thermometer drops below zero and frosts begins to set in, the foliage will collapse altogether – now is the time to act. You may pare it back down the base in order to encourage new growth in the following spring. As a perennial, thalictrum doesn’t require much more maintenance than this and can, in fact, be left to its own devices for much of the year without more input required. Propagation A self-seeding perennial, thalictrum will naturally grow back the following year with little to no input from your side. Fortunately, it doesn’t propagate naturally to the extent that it becomes invasive, but it can on occasion branch out into areas that you may have designated for other flora. As such, it’s a good idea to perform regular checks on its development to ensure that it doesn’t spill over into neighbouring parts of the garden. By Division As mentioned above, it is possible to divide clumps of thalictrum in order to reduce its growth in one area or to replant it elsewhere and propagate it around your garden. However, it’s unlikely you’ll ever need to divide thalictrum for the former reason, since it can be trusted to play well with others for many years at a time and does not require constant maintenance, like some other perennials. When tackling the division and propagation of thalictrum clumps, it’s best to do so in the spring, when the new offshoots have the best chance of taking root. When selecting a clump to divide, choose one which is already well-established and shows impressive growth, then dig up its roots entirely and use a spade to split it in half. Then simply plant the two halves in the desired location(s), ensuring they receive plenty of water in the first few weeks to maximise their chance of survival. Companion Planting When pairing thalictrum with other types of greenery in your garden, there are two important aspects to consider: height and colour. Most thalictrum varieties are on the tall side, so partnering them with shorter and squatter shrubs and ferns is an excellent idea. Not only will the differing height ranges create a tiered effect that is pleasant on the eye, but the smaller plants will also provide support and stability to the peaks of the thalictrum as it towers above them. The palette of your pastoral scene is the other main element you’ll want to keep in mind. Most thalictrum flowers range from white to purple via pink, lilac and lavender, which means they look stunning enough set against a sea of green leaves. If that sounds sufficient to you, consider planting thalictrum in amongst a variety of grasses and ferns. On the other hand, you might wish to combine them with other brightly coloured bouquets to create a rainbow of flowers in your borders and beds; phlomis, alliums, iris, delphinium, clematis and primrose are all excellent options here. Indeed, another of thalictrum’s main strengths is its versatility, meaning there’s a plentiful array of options that will work well. The choice is yours. References 1. Thalictrum. (n.d.). Kew Plants of the World Online. Retrieved August 19, 2023, from https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30001524-2#children
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These Are The Ideal Growing Conditions For Growing Erysimum 'Wallflowers'
IN THIS GUIDE Overview Habitat & Growing Conditions How To Grow Wallflowers Planting Erysimum Care Common Problems References Erysimum is one of the most underrated of all flowering plants. Commonly known as the ‘Wallflower,’ this delightful plant has everything going for it. It is fairly disease-free, is low-maintenance, and is as at home by itself in a pot on a patio as it is with a motley crowd in a large bed. As for those vibrant blooms, they’re no ‘wallflowers’; they’re dazzling knockouts! Erysimum is quite a varied genus comprising of annual, biennial, and perennial plants. As herbs and sub-shrubs, they are dainty little things individually but make for a lush carpet collectively. They make excellent bedding choices but are also genuinely ornamental flowering plants in their own right. Many species flower abundantly from early spring to late summer, and some even dazzle with autumn blossoms. The small four-petalled flowers usually occur as racemes – their colours include white, cream, yellow, orange, red, and purple, many of which are of a vibrant hue. Besides being colourful, the blooms are also sweet-scented and are attractive to bees, butterflies, and other pollinators. Their foliage too is pleasing to the eye, being in the main of a chalky green colour with a bluish tinge. The daintiness of the stiff, narrow, lance-shaped leaves makes for a fine match to the flowers, and complement them wonderfully well. Erysimum sub-shrubs are sometimes grown as upright plants by themselves while herbaceous Erysimum varieties – besides the sub-shrubs – are grown in beds, and often occur in their native habitats in clumps and gently swaying mounds. Overview Botanical Name Erysimum Common Name(s) Wallflowers Plant Type Perennial / Annual / Biennial Flower Native Area South Asia, Europe, Africa, Micronesia, North America – through Costa Rica Hardiness Rating H4 Foliage Evergreen Flowers Fragrant four-petalled flowers When To Sow February, March Flowering Months March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November Wallflowers are members of the mustard family, Brassicaceae.1 Similar to mustard and rapeseed plants, they manufacture phytochemicals that repel insects which would otherwise feed upon the flowers.2 The Wallflower has a pleasant (or unpleasant, depending on your point of view) proclivity to take root in the interstices of bricks and stones of a wall, hence its colloquial and common name, ‘Wallflower’. In a very literal sense this flower grows from and on walls. E. cheiri Wallflowers It is a not-uncommon site on the stone ramparts of old castles and brick walls in the British Isles. Habitat & Growing Conditions Erysimum species occur very widely nearly throughout Europe, Asia, and North America. Their range is so extensive that it would be easier to mention the regions to which they are not native or introduced. Most species are best suited to soils that are dry and very well drained with pH ranging from neutral to mildly alkaline. Most prefer full sun but can make do in partial shade. Hardiness In the main their hardiness falls between RHS Zones H4 – H6. However, a few species native to Northern climes are hardy to H6 – H7. Erysimum is either annual (flowering in summer for one season), biennial (planted in autumn and flowering the following spring) or perennial (lasting for several years). How To Grow Wallflowers Depending on the particular species or cultivar, Wallflowers can be grown virtually year-round but mid-Spring and late-Autumn are the best times to grow from seed. Planting In the United Kingdom, Erysimum should be planted where it can get full sun or sun with partial shade. In general it is best placed in loose chalky and sandy soils that are not overly rich nor moist – soil must have very good drainage. E. cheiri You can’t go wrong with slightly alkaline soil. In general, a good mix of different Erysimum species will provide a fantastic splash of brilliant colour in spring and summer. Wallflowers are among the best put-anywhere plants. Choose from the varieties listed above for beds, borders, and even accents in rock gardens. They are perfect for flower pots on parapets and hanging baskets on balconies. Many varieties self-seed, so once grown, you can just let these plants renew themselves in your garden. “One of the best wallflowers for the garden is E. ‘Bowles’s Mauve’, a perennial cultivar that will flower for most of the year,” shares Master Horticulturist Colin Skelly. “I use this plant a lot in planting designs both for its quick establishment and its value as a flower for pollinators, particularly early in the year.” Erysimum Care One of the many great attributes of Erysimum is that it is a low-maintenance plant that makes do with what little it gets. Though this does not mean that it should be neglected, this happy plant is ideally suited for busy lifestyles that leave little time for gardening. Erysimum plants really do not need fertiliser – within the Plant World these diminutive things are real troopers! A small amount of slow-release 10-10-10 fertiliser can certainly be given to them as a special treat. It should be kept in mind that what is written in this section and the following ones does not and cannot apply to Erysimum as a genus – it has over 200 species that are native to very different geographic locations. The advice and recommendations given here apply only to the species, hybrids and cultivars commonly found or grown in the United Kingdom. Common Problems The most common problem Wallflowers face are slugs and snails. Slugs are nocturnal so you may have a slug problem without being aware that the damage being caused to your plants is from slugs. A variety of slug-control methods have been devised, from beer traps and diatomaceous earth to microscopic nematodes. The other main worry is downy mildew, which is tough to combat. Promptly remove all affected parts and ensure that the plant is not crowded in by other plants and has plenty of sun and air. References 1. The genus Erysimum (Brassicaceae) in Bulgaria. (n.d.). JSTOR. Retrieved March 15, 2023, from https://www.jstor.org/stable/41767349 2. Züst, T., Strickler, S. R., Powell, A., Mabry, M. E., An, H., Mirzaei, M., York, T. M., Holland, C. K., Kumar, P., Erb, M., Petschenka, G., Gómez, J. M., Perfectti, F., Müller, C., Pires, J. C., Mueller, L. A., & Jander, G. (2020). Independent evolution of ancestral and novel defenses in a genus of toxic plants (Erysimum, Brassicaceae). ELife, 9. https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.51712
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These 10 Perennial Flowers Bloom All Summer For A Riot Of Colour
IN THIS GUIDE 1) Gerbera Daisies 2) Lantana Bush 3) Butterfly Bush 4) Creeping Buttercup 5) Hyssop 6) Golden Feverfew 7) Begonia 8) Geranium 9) Red Hot Poker Plant 10) Azalea References With only a little effort you can bring a panoply of floral shapes in a riotous medley of colours to your garden all summer long – and, indeed, before and after summer! Conical inflorescences, ‘red hot’ spikes, and bona fide multi-petalled flowers, in every colour of the rainbow from the palest tint to the most intense hue, can be grown throughout the United Kingdom. Let’s admit it: we all love plants that bloom all summer long. “My favourite plants bloom during early summer, which is why it is my favourite time to be in the garden,” shares Alley Marie Jordan, a Garden Historian. “I want to experience a garden in its most bounteous, at its fullest, highest potential. After all, that is the ideal, and with designed gardens, we are chasing an ideal that usually occurs in summer!” Who wouldn’t like to sow and care for just once, and then lie back and revel in lustrous multi-coloured blooms from before June even begins to after the end of August, year after year? What follows is a wonderful ’Top Ten’ assortment of flowering plants that will keep your garden bathed in blooms all summer long. We do not toss out vague or sketchy species or flower names but precisely identify series or varieties that, under non-adverse conditions, will bloom clear through summer – yes, that’s 1st June to 31st August. In fact, a good few will begin flowering from April, even more will bloom well into September, and some will do both! We present species that originate in China and those that are out of Africa; plants that are tallish and others that are dwarfish; blooms that are in pastels and pinks and more that are in vivid vermilion; and flowers that are but tiny florets in panicles and big huge blossoms that are 10cm across. Linking all these richly varied plant properties are two objective facts: our choices are all perennials, be they deciduous or evergreen, and they bloom all summer long! 1) Gerbera Daisies BOTANICAL NAME: Gerbera garvinea RECOMMENDED VARIETIES: ‘Sweet Surprise’, ‘Sweet Memories’, ‘Fleurie’ HARDINESS RATING: H3 MONTHS IN BLOOM: MAY-NOVEMBER PREFERRED ASPECT: FULL SUN; SHELTERED Our Gerbera recommendation covers only Gerbera garvinea, not G. jamesonii or any other species or series. G. garvinea is a relatively new series that is more robust and disease-free than other species and series. Most importantly, this series’ varieties typically begin to bloom in spring and wind up in autumn or even later, providing a spectacular floral display for nearly half the year! Choose any of the following: ‘Sylvana’ (pure white), ‘Orangina’ (yellow-orange), ‘Sweet Surprise’ (orchid pink), ‘Sweet Memories’ (salmon pink), and ‘Fleurie’ (deep red). All bear drop-dead gorgeous double flowers of about 5cm. What is more, they are prolific bloomers – simply deadhead regularly to encourage fresh blooms. Grow G. garvinea in a loose, very well-drained loam of a slightly acidic pH. Direct, full sun in the morning is welcome but afternoon sun should be filtered or indirect. Water well but allow the soil to just dry out between waterings. The root ball should be right at the surface of the soil to guard against root rot. Simply protect these plants from frost; if grown in pots then bring the plants indoors in the winter. Though great in beds, these flowers are a fantastic choice for growing in decorative pots to put on verandahs, parapets, and balconies, and for hanging them off pergolas, beams, and posts. The flowers are equally fantastic for cutting and gifting in a bouquet because of their astonishing vase life. The disk-shaped, many-petalled, vibrant Gerbera has a unique unsubtle and direct charm that brings joy both indoors and outdoors. 2) Lantana Bush BOTANICAL NAME: Lantana camara RECOMMENDED VARIETIES: ‘Feston Rose’ (Pictured), ‘Yellow Sage’ HARDINESS RATING: H1C MONTHS IN BLOOM: MAY-OCTOBER PREFERRED ASPECT: FULL SUN; SHELTERED You’d have to be very unlucky to choose a Lantana variety that does not bloom all through summer. In fact, the odds are that whatever variety you choose, it will start blooming before summer and continue blooming well after summer. Lantana is an evergreen bush that is so strong and fast-spreading that in some regions it is considered an invasive weed! It is beyond us how anyone could use the word ‘weed’ for a bush that has ideally-shaped emerald-green leaves and gorgeous bunches and clusters of florets that are both richly hued and multi-coloured, and are fragrant to boot. Choose from ‘Feston Rose,’ ‘Yellow Sage,’ or any cultivar from the ‘Landmark’ or ‘Lucky’ series. Colours include white, off-white, and pinks, yellows, and oranges from the palest pastel to the most saturated hue. As a bonus, you get bees and butterflies with it. L. camara ‘Feston Rose’ Lantana is truly easy to grow and just as easy to care for. It does not even need regular watering and flourishes in baking sun! The sole concern is that you will need to protect outdoor plants in winter in many regions of the United Kingdom. If grown outdoors, the root ball and stem should be protected from the cold but it is easier to grow it in a large container and bring it indoors in the winter. Full sun and southern exposure best suit this plant. Though just about any type of soil will do, a balanced loam mix with a slightly acidic pH will be ideal. It is very ‘friendly’ to bees and butterflies and will attract these visitors in droves. Lantana’s profusion of sometimes top-heavy floret-clusters will also delight visitors of the human kind. 3) Butterfly Bush BOTANICAL NAME: Buddleja RECOMMENDED VARIETIES: ‘Flutterby Petite’ Series HARDINESS RATING: H6 MONTHS IN BLOOM: JULY-OCTOBER PREFERRED ASPECT: FULL SUN Buddleja are deciduous perennials that are indigenous to China. Though quite a number of Buddleja species and varieties have extended flowering seasons, ‘Flutterby Petite’ Series’s cultivars bloom from the start of summer well into autumn. They are remarkably easy-grow and low-maintenance varieties that are drought-tolerant. The word Petite is not quite accurate because these varieties range from 60-90cm in height with a similar spread. Flutterby Petite Buddleja have a habit that is bushy but not dense, with gently arching, swaying stems and stalks. Choose from ‘Tutti Frutti Pink’ (Magenta-Pink), ‘Blue Heaven’ (Lilac), and ‘Snow White’ (snow white!). The first two varieties’ flowers are sweetly fragrant; the third ones are unscented. These plants can be grown in any halfway decent soil but preferably a fertile loam of compost, chalk and sand. Soil should be well-drained – what they appreciate more than anything else is full sun. What you will appreciate is that while Buddleja is well-known to be fast-spreading, invasive, and destructive to native ecosystems, the ‘Flutterby Petite’ Series plants are sterile and produce no or few seeds. And what you will appreciate even more are the masses of frothy, conical inflorescences with delightful little florets which will draw every butterfly and hummingbird in the neighbourhood. Generally hardy through H6 they can be enjoyed virtually anywhere in the United Kingdom. They are excellent to grow in broad containers, in mixed beds and as borders for walkways. 4) Creeping Buttercup BOTANICAL NAME: Ranunculus repens HARDINESS RATING: H7 MONTHS IN BLOOM: MAY-SEPTEMBER PREFERRED ASPECT: ANY (CONSIDERED INVASIVE) It is invasive. It is a ‘rampant weed.’ It’ll colonise even damp, wet soil! Among all the Buttercups, Creeping Buttercup, Ranunculus repens, has the worst press. It’s also the Buttercup species that will bloom reliably from the beginning of summer – if not earlier – to the end of summer – if not later! “We are starting to rethink what were once regarded as problem weeds,” shares Master Horticulturist Colin Skelly. “Ranunculus repens is one of those ‘weeds’. Whilst it can tend to run through a border too readily, it is a fantastic plant in a damp area of grass that can be grown as an area of meadow. “In competitive habitats like a meadow or even just less frequently mown grass, its tendency to take over is kept in check and can be appreciated by us as well as wildlife.” We do not say that Creeping Buttercup is ‘easy to grow’ because once it gets into your garden it will grow by itself! Indeed, many gardeners grapple with the question of how easy or difficult it is to control. Nonetheless, this article is about flowers that bloom all summer long and this zero-care deciduous perennial fits the bill to a ’T.’ What’s more, it brings forth masses of delightful little flowers. This plant grows on runners and has a prostrate creeping habit, and as the foliage is a brilliant emerald-green it makes for truly attractive ground cover. Creeping Buttercup loves damp soils but is not fussy about soil type or pH. Our Buttercup selection does not provide any choices in varieties or colour; there’s just one colour, but it is the richest, sunniest, cheeriest hue of yellow there can be. Furthermore, it blooms profusely, and its wee-little, simple, five-petalled wildflowers are the exemplar of ‘simple joys.’ Weed or not, you can’t beat this variety for its brand of simple good cheer all summer long. Just be careful not to let it take over your garden; you can do so by surrounding it with inhospitable and non-damp soils and by cutting off the stolons. 5) Hyssop BOTANICAL NAME: Agastache RECOMMENDED VARIETIES: ‘Blue Boa’, ‘Kudos Ambrosia’, ‘Kudos Gold’, ‘Kudos Mandarin’, ‘Kudos Silver Blue’, ‘Kudos Yellow’ HARDINESS RATING: H4 MONTHS IN BLOOM: JUNE-OCTOBER PREFERRED ASPECT: FULL SUN A garden stunner, an Agastache or Hyssop plant can simply overwhelm the viewer with the incredible profusion of its flowers, the vibrancy of its hues, the gentle graceful swaying in the breeze, and even the wafting fragrance. This plant is very easy to grow and you are virtually assured of summer-long blooms going into autumn if you choose from ‘Blue Boa’ (deep purple), ‘Kudos Ambrosia’ (pink-to-rose), ‘Kudos Gold’ (amber-gold), ‘Kudos Mandarin’ (Mandarin orange), ‘Kudos Silver Blue’ (silvery lilac), and ‘Kudos Yellow’ (bright yellow). And then there’s ‘Little Adder’ (lavender-to-mauve), the long-blooming champion which will begin its show before summer and continue deep into autumn. Because these varieties are of different series, their heights and spreads vary widely with some being taller than wider, and others having a wider spread than height. But all of them bear lots and lots of big, thick, erect spikes with bunches of florets. Agastache or Hyssop need full sun and very well-drained soil. Other than that they are low-care plants that are generally disease-free and pest-resistant. They will bring bees, butterflies and hummingbirds to your garden like there’s no tomorrow. Because the primary criteria for our selections is all-summer-blooms, the recommended varieties of Agastache turn out to have diverse habits and, as a result, are best suited for different garden purposes. For example, ‘Kudos Silver Blue’ is perfect for edging long paths and walkways and to serve as a companion plant for tall, erect species; on the other hand, ‘Blue Boa’ is just as perfect to plant in the rear of beds, especially against the back of marigolds, and to grow against verandahs and fences. 6) Golden Feverfew BOTANICAL NAME: Tanacetum parthenium RECOMMENDED VARIETIES: ‘Aureum’ (Pictured) HARDINESS RATING: H6 MONTHS IN BLOOM: JULY-SEPTEMBER PREFERRED ASPECT: FULL SUN Resembling rather a daisy but actually a type of chrysanthemum, Golden Feverfew will just about give you a veritable mat of lovely wildflowers from the start of June until the close of August. However, it brings unexpected ‘extras’ to the garden. To begin with, the pinnate lobed leaves are of a light, bright, almost shiny green that makes for awesome foliage. And this foliage emits a fresh, humusy scent that will remind you of the countryside. The plant forms rounded clumps that are wider than they are taller, being 45-60cm in spread and 30-45cm in height. Because of its form it is perfect for the front of beds, for edging walkways, and as groundcover. It can also be grown in containers provided they are kept outdoors in a sunny spot. Though the plant is a perennial, it is a short-lived one so let some flowers go to seed and deadhead most; that way you’ll never be short of blooms and will always have new Feverfew plants. There’s more to Feverfew than all-summer flowers, though. It also contains Pyrethrin so it is a nature-made insect repellant.1 But to return to our subject at hand, reminiscent of alpine wildflowers, Golden Feverfew’s happy little blooms are like flat disks with pure white petals emanating from a biggish golden yellow centre. And each plant produces loads and loads of them! 7) Begonia RECOMMENDED VARIETIES: ‘Nonstop’ Series (Pictured) HARDINESS RATING: H1B MONTHS IN BLOOM: MAY-OCTOBER PREFERRED ASPECT: PART SHADE A ubiquitous garden favourite on both sides of the Atlantic, Begonia surely makes everyone’s list of all-summer-long flowering plants. Many varieties start blooming in spring and tail off only near the end of autumn. As an ‘easy out’ as well as a sure thing we recommend the ‘Nonstop’ series of Tuberous Begonias but like as not you can draw a variety name out of a hat and it will give you flowers through summer and perhaps even more. Take ‘Hanging Basket Scarlet’ and ‘Bossa Nova Pure White,’ to throw out two examples. As for the Nonstop series, they bear fully double rose-like flowers that are up to a staggering 10cm across. Moreover, they produce a sea of blooms and do so continuously. We recommend the Nonstop ‘Pink,’ ‘Red,’ ‘Orange,’ and ‘Yellow’ varieties. Begonia ‘Mocca’ The one concern is that Begonia ‘Nonstops’ are tender perennials which are hardy only to H1B. As such, the tubers will not survive the winter in any region of the United Kingdom and so you have a choice. Grow ‘Nonstops’ in (largeish) containers and overwinter them indoors or in a heated greenhouse, or dig up the tubers, dry them, and store them for the winter. The only other concern is the possibility of powdery mildew. Other than that these are strong plants that are low-maintenance. They like part sun, part shade, and are best grown in a fertile sandy loam of pH slightly acidic. They have a bushy mounding habit with 40-60cm spread but only 20-30cm in height so we suggest that you grow these terrific plants in a portable planter and set them on the patio and the garden spring through autumn. 8) Geranium RECOMMENDED VARIETIES: ‘Mavis Simpson’, ‘Orion’, ‘Ann Folkard’, ‘Rozanne’ (Pictured) HARDINESS RATING: H6 MONTHS IN BLOOM: JUNE – AUGUST PREFERRED ASPECT: ANY Colourful, low-care, hardy, pest-resistant, disease-free, fairly drought tolerant…the virtues of some varieties of Geranium are such as to make them an automatic choice for any British garden. Some varieties are possibly among the easiest and most trouble-free bushes you can grow. You could try any and all of ‘Mavis Simpson’ (light lilac-pink), ‘Orion’ (gentle lavender blue with a pale eye), ‘Ann Folkard’ (vivid magenta with black eye), and ‘Rozanne’ (gradated purple). Let’s not quibble about summer, these babies flower from late spring to mid-autumn! The four varieties we have selected range from 30-120cm in height and 60-120cm in spread. They have a bushy habit that may be clumping or mounding in form. All four are RHS Award of Garden Merit recipients. Geranium ‘Mavis Simpson’ In the UK these Geraniums are best planted in full sun but part shade will be fine too. They are not too particular about soil; all they ask is that it be well-drained and kept moist in the summer. Any reasonable loam mix will work very well. What you need to do is to remove old foliage and flowers to promote fresh growth. Geranium bushes will keep growing, gently, gently, without ever trying to take over your garden. The open, slightly cuppy, happy-go-lucky five-petalled flowers are from 3-5cm, and you’ll see scads and scads of them! The broad, sharply serrated, deep green leaves make for very pleasant foliage too. These fuss-free and versatile flowering bushes are ideal for cottage-style gardens, as companion plants to tall specimen plants, mass plantings in beds, and even as groundcover. 9) Red Hot Poker Plant BOTANICAL NAME: Kniphofia RECOMMENDED VARIETIES: ‘Incandesce’ (Pictured), ‘Elvira’, ‘Jenny Bloom’, ‘Mango Popsicle’, ‘Timothy’ HARDINESS RATING: H6 MONTHS IN BLOOM: JUNE-OCTOBER PREFERRED ASPECT: FULL SUN; EXPOSED Stalks averaging 1m, ramrod straight, bearing spikes of densely-packed tube-shaped florets in vibrant hues in the yellow-vermilion spectrum. And that’s why this floral present from South Africa is called ‘Red Hot Poker’. Several varieties bloom all through the summer with one or two starting in spring or finishing in autumn, or even both. In order of flowering season, from longest to least long, these varieties are ‘Elvira’ (flame orange), ‘Jenny Bloom’ (cream-orange gradated), ‘Mango Popsicle’ (deep orange), Timothy (peach), and ‘Incandesce’ (deep orange). Because the colour of the spikes fades as they grow and mature, they are gradated with the base being paler and the growing tip of a more vivid hue. Kniphofia ‘Mango Popsicle’ Be aware that Kniphofia guzzles water; at the same time, it cannot stand waterlogged soil! Very well-drained loam mainly of organic compost and sand is ideal. In summer they need frequent watering. They are disease-free and pest-resistant but be sure that the root ball is not deep in the soil. Care is limited to trimming the plants in spring and deadheading in the flowering season but you can allow the plants to self-seed, and be surprised and delighted with nature-made new shades and tints. In most regions of England and Wales the plant’s own withered foliage is sufficient to protect it from frost. The plant as a whole is a spectacular one as the ‘torch’ or ‘poker’-like shafts with their blazing, fiery racemes catch and hold the eye and will make your guests go, “Wow, what’s that plant!” Besides pulling eyes, these out-of-the-ordinary flowers also pull bees and hummingbirds. Red Hot Poker is a brilliant choice for mass plantings, borders of walkways and driveways, and against verandahs, decks, and fences. 10) Azalea RECOMMENDED VARIETIES: ‘Encore’ HARDINESS RATING: H6 MONTHS IN BLOOM: JULY-SEPTEMBER PREFERRED ASPECT: FULL / PART SUN Closing out our list is a googly (or a curveball, depending on your sport and your nationality). That’s because Azaleas are associated with spring, and their flowering season closes before the end of summer. But ‘Encore’ Azaleas are a different beast altogether. While many ‘Encore’ Azalea varieties are re-bloomers, some are continuous bloomers, especially if you follow the instructions, and also deadhead. Azaleas are unquestionably among the loveliest of flowers on top of which some varieties, including the ‘Encore’ series, are profuse bloomers. Nothing could outdo the before-summer to after-summer blooms of ‘Autumn Sunburst Roblet’ (coral pink), ‘Autumn Majesty Roblezd’ (purple), ‘Autumn Bonfire Robleza’ (deep red), ‘Autumn Chiffon Robled’ (pale pink with rose flares and speckles), and ‘Autumn Ivory Roblev’ (white). All varieties are dwarves and their flowers measure 6cm or more! Azalea ‘Autumn Sunburst’ These Azaleas will do best in a good loam mix with some compost and organic manure. Soil pH should be slightly acidic to moderately acidic. The top of the root ball should be just above the surface; in no event should it be at all deep in the soil. The soil should be well-drained. The plants should get full sun through the morning and shade or part shade in the afternoons. Water regularly, though not frequently, such that the soil stays moist. If you live in a location that has mild winters, simply mulch the plant when winter arrives. You can delight in ‘Encore’ Azaleas in the UK’s northern regions too, provided you keep the plants in containers and overwinter them indoors or in a heated greenhouse. Azaleas are awesome anywhere and everywhere, from a small pot on a 0.3m windowsill to a mass planting in a 3m bed. Thank you for reading – we hope this article has inspired you to introduce more perennials in your garden! References 1. Bowman, N. M., Akialis, K., Cave, G., Barrera, R., Apperson, C. S., & Meshnick, S. R. (2018). Pyrethroid insecticides maintain repellent effect on knock-down resistant populations of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. PLOS ONE, 13(5), e0196410. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196410
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20 Hardy Perennials Perfect For Naturalistic, Dense Planting
IN THIS GUIDE 1) Foxglove 2) Cranesbill 3) Gold Dust 4) Tickseed 5) Mexican Fleabane 6) Alpine Aster 7) Yellow Mullein 8) Blanketflower 9) Catmint 10) Prairie Meadow 11) Masterwort 12) Peony 13) Stinking Hellebore 14) Ruthenian Globe Thistle 15) Lungwort 16) Rose Campion 17) Gooseneck Loosestrife 18) Strawberry 19) Goat’s Beard 20) Miss Willmott’s Ghost That’s not all! References The UK climate is the source of much conversation and, depending on where you live, consternation. These plants are well-suited to the UK climate which, even though we love to grumble about it, really isn’t as bad as some other parts of the world. “Hardy perennials from across the world have found a home in the UK gardens, making possible the herbaceous and mixed borders that are so much a feature of our horticultural heritage,” shares Master Horticulturist Colin Skelly. “They are increasingly being used to create more naturalistic, dense plantings. Whatever your chosen style, perennials are key to the atmosphere in any garden.” Each plant in this list will make a pleasant visual contribution to your garden, and they won’t require too much in the way of maintenance. For this list, we’ve chosen plants that are rated at least H5 on the Royal Horticultural Society’s (RHS) hardiness scale.1 These plants can comfortably handle temperatures below minus ten, so should stand in good stead to take whatever the UK weather throws at them. Each plant in the list is also a recipient of the RHS Award of Garden Merit, designating them as particularly suitable for growth in UK conditions.2 And what’s more, each plant is renowned for being especially attractive to bees, butterflies, and other pollinators. Choose next season’s plants from this list, and your garden will be a medley of colour and life by the time spring rolls round! 1) Foxglove BOTANICAL NAME: Digitalis purpurea RECOMMENDED VARIETIES: ‘CAMELOT ROSE’ HARDINESS RATING: H5 HARDY TO: -10 to -15°C PREFERRED SPOT: PART SHADE FLOWERING SEASON: SUMMER This short-lived perennial will stick around for a few years if treated well, and will bring its undeniable aesthetic to your garden for the duration. Foxglove’s tall, proud stems soar into the air, replete with multiple purple bell-shaped flowers. In the spring and summer, it’s rare that you’ll find your foxglove bee-free. They absolutely love it, and the high number of flowers provide a plentiful supply of tasty pollen. In terms of growing conditions, foxglove thrives in part shade. It can tolerate any aspect, and isn’t fussy in terms of exposure. Try to find a spot with loamy or sandy soil, and ensure it can drain well. Avoid alkali soil where possible. Once it reaches full size, your foxglove should reach heights of around 1-1.5m, with a spread of about half a metre. 2) Cranesbill BOTANICAL NAME: Geranium subcaulescens RECOMMENDED VARIETIES: ‘Splendens’, ‘Giuseppii’ HARDINESS RATING: H5 HARDY TO: -10 to -15°C PREFERRED SPOT: FULL SUN / PART SHADE FLOWERING SEASON: SPRING / SUMMER Geranium subcaulescens ‘Splendens’ brings a recurring burst of purple to your garden in spring and summer. The ‘Splendens’ cultivar is a mat-forming plant, meaning it hangs fairly low to the ground. Many gardeners like to use mat-forming perennials to provide visual interest on the low levels of flowerbeds. A splash of colour near the ground can do wonders in highlighting the other colours above. ‘Splendens’ likes full sun or partial shade and isn’t fussy about aspect or exposure. It’s a bit more forgiving with soil types, too, tolerating chalk and clay alongside foxglove’s loam and sand. Soil acidity isn’t something to worry about, either. At full height, your ‘Splendens’ won’t surpass 10cm or so, thanks to its mat-forming tendencies. It will spread out to a range of about 0.5m, meaning you can enjoy it without having to worry about it engulfing nearby plants or paths. 3) Gold Dust BOTANICAL NAME: Aurinia saxatilis HARDINESS RATING: H5 HARDY TO: -10 to -15°C PREFERRED SPOT: FULL SUN; EXPOSED FLOWERING SEASON: SPRING / SUMMER This plant really is something to behold. Its 4-petalled flowers bring a special vibrancy to any garden, working well by themselves, or incorporated into a wider floral display. At a maximum height of around 50cm, ‘Basket of Gold’ provides its visual interest a little bit higher than Geranium subcaulescens. And unlike the previous two plants, this one requires full sun, is fussy about aspect (south- or east-facing only), and prefers exposure to shelter. Try to avoid clay soil, and make sure the soil can drain well to keep this plant in optimal condition. 4) Tickseed BOTANICAL NAME: Coreopsis verticillata RECOMMENDED VARIETIES: ‘Zagreb’ (Pictured) HARDINESS RATING: H5 HARDY TO: -10 to -15°C PREFERRED SPOT: FULL SUN / PART SHADE FLOWERING SEASON: SUMMER / AUTUMN Here’s another fantastic eruption of yellow, this time boasting bushels of daisy-like flowers. As a clump-forming perennial, ‘Grandiflora’ brings something quite visually different from the others in this list – perfect if you’re looking to mix things up a little. This jolly customer will do well in full sun or partial shade, and will be happy with any aspect. It’s OK exposed or in shelter, and is only averse to clayey soil. Over the five or so years it takes to get to full height, ‘Grandiflora’ will bless your garden with its yellow bloom every summer and autumn, retaining its visual interest later in the season than some other plants. 5) Mexican Fleabane BOTANICAL NAME: Erigeron karvinskianus HARDINESS RATING: H5 HARDY TO: -10 to -15°C PREFERRED SPOT: FULL SUN; EXPOSED FLOWERING SEASON: SUMMER As the name suggests, this white mat-forming perennial hails originally from Mexico and neighbouring South American countries. Now firmly settled in the UK, however, it grants British gardeners with dense white floral mats in the summer months. (You may also see tints of purple and pink in the mix, if you’re lucky.) While it can look a little scruffy (some might even say ‘weedy’), rest assured that Mexican fleabane is an attractive addition to any garden. It’s versatile, too: As a mat-forming plant it shares the same appeal as Geranium ‘Splendens’, and as a blanket of white, it’s a beautiful backdrop for almost any other colour. This plant loves full sun in a sheltered spot, and likes any aspect except north-facing. Avoid clay soil, and take special care that the soil can definitely drain well. Treat it right, and Mexican fleabane will reward you with a lovely white floral mat about a metre square in size. 6) Alpine Aster BOTANICAL NAME: Aster alpinus HARDINESS RATING: H7 HARDY TO: -20°C PREFERRED SPOT: FULL SUN FLOWERING SEASON: SUMMER We’ve had purple, pink, yellow, and white. Now, how about violet? The enchanting flowers of the Alpine aster come in a gentle shade of violet that effortlessly invites your gaze, and the bold yellow centres make the whole thing pop. This herbaceous clump-forming perennial hails from the Alps and Pyrenees – two vast and wild mountain ranges – meaning it definitely has the hardiness credentials required to manage through a British winter. Plant your Alpine aster in full sun, anywhere except a north-facing aspect, and avoid soil with too much clay. Make sure it can drain well, and enjoy the gentle bloom! 7) Yellow Mullein BOTANICAL NAME: Verbascum epixanthinum HARDINESS RATING: H5 HARDY TO: -10 to -15°C PREFERRED SPOT: FULL SUN; SHELTERED FLOWERING SEASON: SUMMER Take care when trying to say this plant’s full name in front of your friends, as it’s quite likely they’ll think you’re speaking to them in tongues, and may intervene. Tongue-twisting name aside, this is an intriguing and striking short-lived perennial. The flowers cluster densely around an erect stem that reaches far into the air. Grow it somewhere in full sun, nicely sheltered, and with a south-facing aspect, and Yellow mullein will reward you with fantastic bright yellow blooms every summer. At a maximum height and spread of about 1m, the plant takes up a nice bit of space in flower beds, acting as a great centrepiece for other blooms. 8) Blanketflower BOTANICAL NAME: Gaillardia × grandiflora RECOMMENDED VARIETIES: ‘Dazzler’, ‘Kobold’ (Pictured) HARDINESS RATING: H5 HARDY TO: -10 to -15°C PREFERRED SPOT: FULL SUN FLOWERING SEASON: SUMMER / AUTUMN 9) Catmint BOTANICAL NAME: Nepeta grandiflora RECOMMENDED VARIETIES: ‘Bramdean’ HARDINESS RATING: H6 HARDY TO: -15 to -20°C PREFERRED SPOT: FULL SUN FLOWERING SEASON: SUMMER 10) Prairie Meadow BOTANICAL NAME: Sidalcea RECOMMENDED VARIETIES: ‘OBERON’ HARDINESS RATING: H7 HARDY TO: -20°C PREFERRED SPOT: FULL SUN; SHELTERED FLOWERING SEASON: SUMMER 11) Masterwort BOTANICAL NAME: Astrantia RECOMMENDED VARIETIES: ‘Burgundy Manor’ HARDINESS RATING: H7 HARDY TO: -20°C PREFERRED SPOT: ANY; SHELTERED FLOWERING SEASON: SUMMER 12) Peony BOTANICAL NAME: Paeonia daurica RECOMMENDED VARIETIES: ‘Mlokosewitschii’ (Pictured) HARDINESS RATING: H6 HARDY TO: -15 to -20°C PREFERRED SPOT: ANY FLOWERING SEASON: SPRING 13) Stinking Hellebore BOTANICAL NAME: Helleborus foetidus HARDINESS RATING: H7 HARDY TO: -20°C PREFERRED SPOT: ANY; SHELTERED FLOWERING SEASON: WINTER 14) Ruthenian Globe Thistle BOTANICAL NAME: Echinops ritro RECOMMENDED VARIETIES: ‘Ruthenicus’ (Pictured) HARDINESS RATING: H7 HARDY TO: -20°C PREFERRED SPOT: ANY; EXPOSED FLOWERING SEASON: SUMMER 15) Lungwort BOTANICAL NAME: Pulmonaria RECOMMENDED VARIETIES: ‘Diana Clare’ HARDINESS RATING: H6 HARDY TO: -15 to -20°C PREFERRED SPOT: FULL OR PART SHADE FLOWERING SEASON: WINTER / SPRING 16) Rose Campion BOTANICAL NAME: Lychnis coronaria RECOMMENDED VARIETIES: ‘Alba’ (Pictured) HARDINESS RATING: H7 HARDY TO: -20°C PREFERRED SPOT: ANY FLOWERING SEASON: SUMMER 17) Gooseneck Loosestrife BOTANICAL NAME: Lysimachia clethroides HARDINESS RATING: H6 HARDY TO: -15 to -20°C PREFERRED SPOT: ANY; SHELTERED FLOWERING SEASON: SUMMER 18) Strawberry BOTANICAL NAME: Fragaria × ananassa RECOMMENDED VARIETIES: ‘Pegasus’ HARDINESS RATING: H6 HARDY TO: -15 to -20°C PREFERRED SPOT: FULL SUN; SHELTERED FLOWERING SEASON: SPRING 19) Goat’s Beard BOTANICAL NAME: Aruncus dioicus HARDINESS RATING: H6 HARDY TO: -15 to -20°C PREFERRED SPOT: ANY FLOWERING SEASON: SUMMER 20) Miss Willmott’s Ghost BOTANICAL NAME: Eryngium giganteum HARDINESS RATING: H6 HARDY TO: -15 to -20°C PREFERRED SPOT: FULL SUN FLOWERING SEASON: SUMMER That’s not all! The flowers above are, in our opinion, a fine cross-section of what to expect from hardy perennials in the UK. There may be some names missing that you expected to see, but this was partly deliberate (what better way to get acquainted with some new flowers?), and partly due to the sheer volume of hardy perennials available. So, if you didn’t find anything in this list to your liking, don’t despair! There are literally thousands of options to choose from. And whatever you go for, we hope the weather at least holds out long enough for you to get your new hardy perennials in the ground! References 1. Hardiness Ratings. (n.d.). Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved March 16, 2023, from https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/rhs-hardiness-rating.pdf 2. Award of Garden Merit (AGM). (n.d.). Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved March 16, 2023, from https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/trials-awards/award-of-garden-merit
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These Towering Perennials With Tall Flowers Are Perfect For Garden Borders
IN THIS GUIDE Choosing Perennials For Height 1) Lupins 2) Beehive Ginger 3) Perennial Hibiscus 4) Giant Viper’s Bugloss 5) Giant Fennel 6) Torch Lilies 7) Sunflower ‘Monarch’ 8) Russian Sage 9) Bear’s Breeches 10) Foxgloves 11) Sword Lily 12) African Lily 13) Alliums 14) Buddleja 15) Delphinium 16) Pineapple Lily 17) Gooseneck Loosestrife 18) Sneezeweed 19) Ginger Lily 20) Achillea 21) Amsonia 22) Penstemon 23) Coneflower 24) Persicaria 25) Foxtail Lily Where To Use These Plants In The Garden Stand Tall References A skilled gardener knows that choosing the right plants for your garden is a true art, and that there’s a surprising amount to consider. You need to think about the size of the garden you are working with, the colours you want to include, and the textures required to help create interest… A well-layered garden speaks for itself, and stands a cut above the rest. By including tall plants to contrast with the shorter ones, you can easily create a more dynamic feel to your outdoor haven. In fact, a study by The University of Vermont found that tall plants are more likely to grow successfully in the garden (and by extension: more likely to become invasive).1 Herbaceous borders are a popular setting for tall flowering plants. When thinking about playing with different heights in the garden, try to think about how you would set up a beautiful family portrait. Not only would you want the colours of your clothing to complement one another’s, but you would also place the tallest people towards the back and the smallest ones front and centre. The same goes for choosing the right plants for your garden. Choosing Perennials For Height Whether you are choosing tall perennials for a purpose or planting them just for the enjoyment of it, there are thousands upon thousands to choose from, and picking out the right ones for your garden can be quite the task! But no need to stress – we’ve collected the best towering perennial plants the UK has to offer to get your creative juices flowing, so let’s get started! 1) Lupins BOTANICAL NAME: LUPINUS HARDINESS RATING: H5 MAX HEIGHT: 2M FLOWERING PERIOD: SUMMER FOLIAGE: DECIDUOUS Kicking off our list of tall perennials are lovely, lofty lupins. Lupins come in a vast range of sizes, with the tallest varieties passing 2m in height. These striking, splendiferous plants also bloom in almost every colour of the rainbow and, better yet, are super easy to grow and care for. Lupins aren’t too fussy about soil, but they don’t cope well in soil that’s too wet and heavy. They grow best in full to partial sun and are absolutely ideal for the backs of borders or to hide an ugly fence or wall. If you want to learn more about these sensational stunners, check out our article about how to grow and care for lupins here. 2) Beehive Ginger BOTANICAL NAME: Zingiber spectabile HARDINESS RATING: H1A MAX HEIGHT: 2.5M FLOWERING PERIOD: SUMMER FOLIAGE: DECIDUOUS This tall, erect perennial sports unbranched stems that can reach heights of up to 2.5m, and its green foliage will keep you covered with luscious colour throughout the year. Better yet, come summer, this plucky plant will treat you to pretty little purple and white flowers with yellow spots that sprout from stems as long as 50cm. This plant gets its name thanks to its unusual, cylindrical, beehive-like structure, making it seriously stand out in a crowd. Beehive ginger thrives in rich, well-drained soil in filtered sunlight, making it a perfect option for a large indoor pot or container. This plant can take anywhere from two to five years to reach full height, but its unique style certainly makes it worth the wait. 3) Perennial Hibiscus BOTANICAL NAME: HIBISCUS HARDINESS RATING: H5 MAX HEIGHT: 2.5M FLOWERING PERIOD: SUMMER / AUTUMN FOLIAGE: DECIDUOUS OR EVERGREEN For a taste of the tropics, you simply can’t go wrong with perennial hibiscus. This impactful beauty can reach dizzying heights of over 2m and produces huge flowers of up to 30cm in diameter in seductive shades of red, pink and white. For optimum results, plant these powerful perennials in moist, well-drained soil in a spot where they can enjoy full sunlight. Despite its delicate appearance, this hardy plant can withstand seriously cold weather so, even if the ground freezes, this plant will still flourish. 4) Giant Viper’s Bugloss BOTANICAL NAME: Echium pininana HARDINESS RATING: H3 MAX HEIGHT: 4M FLOWERING PERIOD: SPRING / SUMMER FOLIAGE: EVERGREEN Giant by name, giant by nature, if it’s height you’re craving, then look no further. This plant’s flowering pinnacle can tower as tall as 4m and, what’s more, it’s a speedy old grower, taking only one or two years to reach its maximum. Also known as ‘Tower of Jewels’, this evergreen perennial produces blue, funnel-shaped flowers from mid to late summer, making them a charming option for country gardens. ‘Echium pininana is only half-hardy, so unless you live on the west coast in the Gulf Stream, you might find that it will not survive the winter,” says Master Horticulturist Colin Skelly. “That said, with warmer winters, it may well be worth a try in southern England, particularly in urban areas. This is a real favourite of mine as, aside from looking spectacular, this towering column of flowers is smothered with pollinators.” Bear in mind that this plant can spread to as much as 1m, so you will need decent space to accommodate it. 5) Giant Fennel BOTANICAL NAME: Ferula communis HARDINESS RATING: H3 MAX HEIGHT: 4M FLOWERING PERIOD: SUMMER FOLIAGE: DECIDUOUS You’ll have likely seen giant fennel growing along roadside hedgerows in the countryside, and while they flourish in the wild, they are also a popular choice in domestic garden settings. Whilst most commonly seen blooming in yellow, this perennial can also produce flowers in shades of white and purple and can grow up to 4m in height and 1m in spread. Best grown in fertile, well-drained soil, in full sun and with some bracken mulch applied over winter, this plant pretty much grows itself. You can improve the foliage by removing flowering stems as soon as they appear or wait and do so after blooming. 6) Torch Lilies BOTANICAL NAME: Kniphofia HARDINESS RATING: H5 MAX HEIGHT: 1.5M FLOWERING PERIOD: SUMMER / AUTUMN FOLIAGE: EVERGREEN If you want to add a touch of fire to your garden, then torch lilies are just the ticket. This perennial’s stems grow to around 1.5m in height and are adorned with red and orange blooms, which give them the appearance of red hot pokers. This raunchy red firecracker of a plant prefers full sun and well-drained soil and is guaranteed to stand out in a crowd. If that’s not enough, these boastful, blazing bad boys are attractive to the eye, but they are also irresistible to butterflies and other essential pollinators. 7) Sunflower ‘Monarch’ BOTANICAL NAME: Helianthus ‘Monarch’ HARDINESS RATING: H5 MAX HEIGHT: 4M FLOWERING PERIOD: SUMMER / AUTUMN FOLIAGE: DECIDUOUS This gorgeous perennial sunflower simply can’t go without a mention. Note that many sunflowers are grown as annuals but there are some perennial varieties which are possible to grow in the UK. When one thinks of tall plants, sunflowers are probably one of the first to come to mind, and the ‘Monarch’ variety certainly doesn’t disappoint. Growing up to 4m in height and producing glorious, rich yellow heads, this plant packs an impressive punch. Sunflowers are such a quintessential part of a British country garden, and their delightfully whimsical charm makes them such a joy to grow. For best results, plant your sunflower ‘Monarch’ in moderately fertile, moist and well-drained soil in full sun. 8) Russian Sage BOTANICAL NAME: Salvia yangii HARDINESS RATING: H5 MAX HEIGHT: 1.5M FLOWERING PERIOD: SUMMER / AUTUMN FOLIAGE: EVERGREEN This ethereal, lavender-like plant produces tiny, lilac-coloured, frothy flowers, which form a serene cloud that will sway gently in the wind. Russian sage can grow up to 1.5m in height and spread up to 1m in width, so be sure you have the space available for it before planting. This purple perennial is extremely tolerant when it comes to soil types but is best suited to well-drained soil and full sun. This variety of sage also requires no pruning and has very few problems with pests and diseases. 9) Bear’s Breeches BOTANICAL NAME: Acanthus mollis HARDINESS RATING: H6 MAX HEIGHT: 1.5M FLOWERING PERIOD: SUMMER FOLIAGE: DECIDUOUS This beast forms flowering spires that can reach as high as 1.5m in height. These brilliantly bold plants sport glossy green leaves and, in late summer, produce tall white flowers with deep, moody, purple bracts. This vivacious, vigorous perennial will grow in almost any soil type, but if possible, provide it with deep, well-drained loam in a sheltered spot in full sun or partial shade. As bears don’t tend to wear breeches, it’s unclear as to where this plant’s name stems from, but these majestic plants are a spectacular addition to any garden, providing you have the space. 10) Foxgloves BOTANICAL NAME: Digitalis purpurea HARDINESS RATING: H7 MAX HEIGHT: 1.5M FLOWERING PERIOD: SUMMER FOLIAGE: DECIDUOUS Technically a biennial (or short-lived perennial), foxgloves might ordinarily not be included on an ordinary list of perennials. However they are well-known to self-seed prolifically, meaning they will come back each year – most likely in greater numbers than before. The upright flowering columns are awe-inspiring and a huge hit with bees too! While Digitalis purpurea prefers a partially shaded spot in your garden, it will pretty much grow in most conditions, making it ideal for an exposed area that might otherwise be difficult to grow on. 11) Sword Lily BOTANICAL NAME: Gladiolus HARDINESS RATING: H3 MAX HEIGHT: 1M FLOWERING PERIOD: SPRING / SUMMER FOLIAGE: DECIDUOUS 12) African Lily BOTANICAL NAME: AGAPANTHUS HARDINESS RATING: VARIES MAX HEIGHT: 1M FLOWERING PERIOD: SUMMER FOLIAGE: DECIDUOUS 13) Alliums BOTANICAL NAME: ALLIUM HARDINESS RATING: H7 MAX HEIGHT: 1M FLOWERING PERIOD: SUMMER FOLIAGE: DECIDUOUS 14) Buddleja BOTANICAL NAME: BUDDLEJA HARDINESS RATING: H6 MAX HEIGHT: 4M FLOWERING PERIOD: SUMMER / AUTUMN FOLIAGE: DECIDUOUS OR EVERGREEN 15) Delphinium BOTANICAL NAME: DELPHINIUM HARDINESS RATING: H5 MAX HEIGHT: 2.5M FLOWERING PERIOD: SUMMER FOLIAGE: DECIDUOUS 16) Pineapple Lily BOTANICAL NAME: EUCOMIS HARDINESS RATING: H4 MAX HEIGHT: 0.5M FLOWERING PERIOD: SUMMER FOLIAGE: DECIDUOUS 17) Gooseneck Loosestrife BOTANICAL NAME: Lysimachia clethroides HARDINESS RATING: H6 MAX HEIGHT: 1M FLOWERING PERIOD: SUMMER FOLIAGE: DECIDUOUS 18) Sneezeweed BOTANICAL NAME: Helenium HARDINESS RATING: H7 MAX HEIGHT: 1M FLOWERING PERIOD: SUMMER / AUTUMN FOLIAGE: DECIDUOUS 19) Ginger Lily BOTANICAL NAME: Hedychium HARDINESS RATING: H2 MAX HEIGHT: 2.5M FLOWERING PERIOD: SUMMER / AUTUMN FOLIAGE: DECIDUOUS 20) Achillea BOTANICAL NAME: ACHILLEA HARDINESS RATING: H7 MAX HEIGHT: 0.5M FLOWERING PERIOD: SUMMER FOLIAGE: DECIDUOUS 21) Amsonia BOTANICAL NAME: AMSONIA HARDINESS RATING: H5 MAX HEIGHT: 1M FLOWERING PERIOD: SPRING / SUMMER FOLIAGE: DECIDUOUS 22) Penstemon BOTANICAL NAME: PENSTEMON HARDINESS RATING: VARIES MAX HEIGHT: 2.5M FLOWERING PERIOD: SUMMER / AUTUMN FOLIAGE: EVERGREEN 23) Coneflower BOTANICAL NAME: Echinacea HARDINESS RATING: H5 MAX HEIGHT: 1.5M FLOWERING PERIOD: SUMMER / AUTUMN FOLIAGE: DECIDUOUS 24) Persicaria BOTANICAL NAME: Persicaria HARDINESS RATING: H7 MAX HEIGHT: 1.5M FLOWERING PERIOD: SUMMER / AUTUMN FOLIAGE: SEMI EVERGREEN 25) Foxtail Lily BOTANICAL NAME: Eremurus stenophyllus HARDINESS RATING: H6 MAX HEIGHT: 1M FLOWERING PERIOD: SPRING / SUMMER FOLIAGE: DECIDUOUS Where To Use These Plants In The Garden Towering plants help to bring structure to your garden year after year, rewarding you with bursts of colour and lofty, dramatic vibes. But, aesthetics aside, there are plenty of other reasons for wanting to include tall perennials in your garden. Large Pots Planted in large pots, large flowering perennials can really bring a patio or courtyard to life. If you aren’t blessed with a big garden, then this is an excellent option to spruce up the space you have. If you have no outside space whatsoever, you can rest assured as there are also plenty of tall perennial plants that will thrive inside, providing you with a peaceful and tranquil place to relax after a long day. Living Walls Another option for those of you with a modest-sized garden is to pick out tall perennials to create a living wall – if you can’t grow out, grow up! Living walls have become increasingly popular over the last decade and are an elegant, space-saving way to enjoy gardening from a completely different angle. Many perennials will happily allow themselves to be trained vertically, and with a little imagination and care, a living wall can be one hell of a showstopper. Privacy Screen Are you stressed out by nosy neighbours or passersby having a good old gander into your garden? Tall perennials can create a perfect privacy screen and shield your little corner of the world from prying eyes. Not only will this screen provide you with the seclusion you seek, but it will also create a beautiful backdrop for the rest of your garden. Camouflage If your property has an ugly wall, or an unsightly fence that is far from easy on the eyes, instead of repainting or replacing, why not save time and camouflage it with some pretty perennials? Perennials flourish for years, and even when they aren’t blooming, their foliage is lush and lavish and will easily turn a shabby area into your favourite spot. Stand Tall As you can see, there are countless colossal perennials that can take your garden from zero to hero. Before you start planting, we do recommend doing your research to ensure you have the space and the right soil to help your new, lofty, looming plants prevail. A 2011 study by Scientists at Tohoku University found that plants in a crowded state regulate their height so as to maintain a similar height to their neighbours.2 So remember, if you want your plants to grow as tall as possible, allow them plenty of space to grow – and don’t grow them alongside shorter plants. Whatever the size of your garden, you will be able to find a tall perennial that suits your needs, so stand up, stand tall, and start planting. References 1. University of Vermont. (2018, November 8). Study: Tall Plants More Likely to become Invasive. News Wise. Retrieved March 27, 2023, from https://www.newswise.com/articles/study:-tall-plants-more-likely-to-become-invasive 2. Nagashima, H., & Hikosaka, K. (2011). Plants in a crowded stand regulate their height growth so as to maintain similar heights to neighbours even when they have potential advantages in height growth. Annals of Botany, 108(1), 207–214. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcr109
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Like To Mix Things Up In The Garden? Try Perennials In Pots Says Sara Venn
IN THIS GUIDE 1) African Lily 2) Lady’s Mantle 3) Elephant’s Ears 4) Clematis 5) Euphorbia 6) Geranium 7) Daylily 8) Coral Bells 9) Plantain Lily 10) Lavender 11) Penstemon 12) Common Vervain 13) Bamboo 14) Peonies 15) Larkspur 16) Hydrangea 17) Chrysanthemums 18) Dahlias 19) Wallflowers 20) Yarrow References Potted perennials can be a low-maintenance, long-lasting way to brighten up your patio, balcony or garden. There are a number of advantages to using pots and containers when creating an aesthetically pleasing display in your garden. For one thing, the mobility of a potted plant lends itself well to easy rearrangement and repositioning, allowing you to mix things up as and when the whim takes you. “Because I rent my home, I end up leaving my garden every 4-5 years,” explains Sara Venn from Edible Bristol. “I grow quite a lot in pots because I can move them with me. It makes it a lot easier than digging them up at the end of my tenancy.” Larger specimens in pots can also work well to draw the eye and brighten up drab surroundings. What’s more, using pots can also be a great way to maximise your options if space is at a premium; even if you only have a balcony to work with, a potted arrangement can really liven up your outdoor aesthetic. “If you have a large pot you can create a multi-layered perennial planting using the ‘pillars, fillers and spillers’ technique – a plant that has height, a plant that provides volume and a plant that spills over the side of the pot,” shares Master Horticulturist Colin Skelly. When most gardeners approach the task of choosing plants for their pots, they often opt for eye-catching annuals, which provide a striking impression for long parts of the year…after which, they die and must be discarded. The problem with annuals is that they require replacement each year, which can soon turn into quite a labour-intensive and expensive endeavour. Perennials, on the other hand, might represent a greater initial outlay, but they’ll stand you in good stead for a number of years in a pot and can even be transplanted into open soil afterwards to extend their lifespan. Choose the right plant and you’ll be rewarded with a low-maintenance gift that just keeps on giving, year after year. As a general rule of thumb, any plant which handles life in a border without too much fuss should be able to cope with life in a container. All of the plants we’ve chosen below either enjoy a prolonged flowering season, or else have foliage that’s impressive enough all on its own, even without any flowers. 1) African Lily BOTANICAL NAME: AGAPANTHUS TYPICAL HARDINESS RATING: H3-H5 FLOWERING PERIOD: JUNE – SEPTEMBER With their cascading explosions of bright green foliage and their delicate, dainty flowerheads atop slender stems, agapanthus make for excellent potted plants, especially when planted inside a terracotta receptacle. Depending on the variety chosen, they’ll begin sprouting their gorgeous blooms in June, July or August and continue well into the autumn months. Just make sure they enjoy enough sun and well-draining soil and they’ll pay you back tenfold with their beautiful displays. Also known as African Lily or Lily of the Nile, agapanthus originally hail from far warmer climes than the United Kingdom.1 With that in mind, it’s a good idea to bring them indoors or at least remove them to a sheltered spot (such as an unheated greenhouse) during the colder months to ensure the frost doesn’t do for them. 2) Lady’s Mantle BOTANICAL NAME: ALCHEMILLA TYPICAL HARDINESS RATING: H7 FLOWERING PERIOD: JULY – SEPTEMBER This attractive perennial grows more outwards than upwards and its low-spreading tendencies make it a popular choice in herbaceous borders. However, its easy-going nature and year-round vibrancy mean it can work just as well in a pot or container, too. As the plant expands into its environs, it’ll spill over the edges of its receptacle in a pleasing manner. Colloquially known as Lady’s Mantle, it’s defined by its palmately lobed leaves which keep their light green colour throughout the year and its greenish-yellow flowers, which bloom in the summertime. The leaves are covered in an ultra-fine down, giving them an almost silvery sheen, while the plant is at its most impressive shortly after a spell of rain. That’s because the moisture sticks to the aforementioned hair on the foliage and clings to them in tiny droplets, creating a delightfully pastoral effect. 3) Elephant’s Ears BOTANICAL NAME: BERGENIA TYPICAL HARDINESS RATING: H6-H7 FLOWERING PERIOD: MARCH – APRIL Bergenia are an attractive addition to any environment, primarily through their floral blooms, which arrive each spring in a burst of white, pink, purple or red, depending upon the specific variety chosen. However, their foliage is a selling point in its own right, with large, drooping evergreen leaves that earn it the moniker of “elephant’s ears”. The deep green of the leaves is apt to take on a pinker hue during the colder months, adding another string to the Bergenia bow. These hardy little plants originally hail from northeastern Asia, inhabiting such frosty climes as Mongolia and Russia.2 This means that they’re accustomed to temperatures that are far worse than anything Great Britain can throw at them, so they’re fine to be left outside all winter long. They’re also manageable in size, growing up to around half a metre at full maturity. 4) Clematis BOTANICAL NAME: CLEMATIS TYPICAL HARDINESS RATING: H5 FLOWERING PERIOD: MAY – SEPTEMBER For those who are on the lookout for a more dynamic addition to their potted collection, the climbing clematis could be the way to go. This incorrigible climber will scale any structure you place in or around the container, creating stunning displays of fragile vines embellished with elegant leaves and exquisite flowerheads that have an almost papery appearance and texture. Clematis are available in a wide variety of different cultivars, meaning you can obtain ones with blue, red and yellow blues, alongside a whole host of different combinations of those three primary colours. They demand excellent drainage in their soil and don’t take kindly to excessively hot temperatures, so planting them in a container which conducts heat slowly is advisable in order to achieve the best results. 5) Euphorbia BOTANICAL NAME: EUPHORBIA TYPICAL HARDINESS RATING: H6 FLOWERING PERIOD: VARIES Euphorbias are an incredibly diverse bunch, spanning everything from startling flower-laden specimens to drought-resistant succulent-like species. The E. milii plant pictured above (more commonly known as “Crown of Thorns”) is one of the more eye-catching varieties of the former type, featuring fantastically graceful flower heads atop large, rubbery leaves. Given the breadth and depth of variety on offer among the euphorbia genus, it’s advisable to do your research beforehand and tailor your selection to the specific effect you intend to create. Whichever type of euphorbia you settle upon, you can expect year-round interest from their foliage and pockets of colourful brilliance when it comes to flowering season. 6) Geranium BOTANICAL NAME: GERANIUM TYPICAL HARDINESS RATING: H6-H7 FLOWERING PERIOD: JUNE – OCTOBER One look at the brilliant colours, intricate rosettes and long, graceful stalks of a geranium and you’ll soon understand why these gorgeous perennials are popular enough to have their own appreciation society here in the UK. They’re equally impressive whether placed in a hanging basket, as part of a stunning border or as standalone specimens in containers. Although often confused with pelargoniums, true geraniums (otherwise known as hardy geraniums or cranesbill) are much more adept at dealing with the colder temperatures of winter.3 However, pelargoniums are just as effective in pots as long as they’re relocated indoors when the mercury drops, since they’re highly susceptible to frosts. Whether you choose geraniums or pelargoniums, you’re guaranteed a fantastic floral display either way. 7) Daylily BOTANICAL NAME: Hemerocallis TYPICAL HARDINESS RATING: H6 FLOWERING PERIOD: JUNE – JULY Hemerocallis are more commonly known as daylilies and are one plant which can actually work more effectively in a pot than in the ground. That’s because they’re incredibly versatile with regard to their planting conditions, surviving and even thriving in most soil types, but they do enjoy plenty of sun. As a result, gardeners who enjoy limited sunshine and must chase it around their garden can do so with ease if the plant is potted. As for their appearance, daylilies are a dream to behold. With long, thin stems and top-heavy flowerheads, characterised by thick, velvety petals with delicately protruding stamen, daylilies are available in a variety of different colour combinations. As long as they’re placed inside a container with drainage holes and sufficient space for their roots to spread out, they’ll do just fine in any environment. 8) Coral Bells BOTANICAL NAME: HEUCHERA TYPICAL HARDINESS RATING: H6 FLOWERING PERIOD: JUNE – AUGUST Heuchera were once cultivated for the small flowers which bob atop lengthy stems during the warmer months. However, in recent years, the attention has shifted from their blossoms to their foliage, which comes in all different shades and sizes depending upon the species chosen. They’re also known as coral bells – for the aforementioned blooms – but it is perhaps their outsized, extravagantly coloured leaves which steal the show. When it comes to planting heuchera in pots, the main concern for any gardener will be ensuring the soil stays moist but not saturated. That means plenty of watering during summertime, but adequate drainage in the wetter months. For best results, elevate the container an inch or two above ground to allow water to flow freely beneath, and mulch their surface lightly during spring to enhance nutrient uptake and reduce the need for constant watering. 9) Plantain Lily BOTANICAL NAME: HOSTA TYPICAL HARDINESS RATING: H7 FLOWERING PERIOD: JULY – SEPTEMBER While most of the previous inclusions on this list are favoured for their floral blooms, hostas are prized for the interesting and ornamental nature of their foliage. With a huge selection of hostas to choose from, you can include everything from crinkly variegated leaves to silver heart-shaped varieties in your garden display. While their leafy allure is the main draw, hostas also often offer pretty and aromatic blossoms in the summer, though these can look tired and unsightly within mere days of blooming, so deadheading is essential for a pristine aesthetic. Other than that, it’s advisable to choose a spacious pot with excellent drainage in order to allow the hosta to reach its full potential. Stay away from metal containers, since the conductivity of the material can cause them to overheat in the warmer months. 10) Lavender BOTANICAL NAME: LAVENDULA TYPICAL HARDINESS RATING: H4 FLOWERING PERIOD: JUNE – AUGUST There’s nothing quite like a bouquet of lavender to add a touch of Mediterranean charm and an aura of tranquillity to any setting. The plentiful clusters of pale purple flowers will draw bees and other pollinators in their droves, while the delightful aroma of the plant is excellent for imbuing its surrounding with a sense of cleanliness and calm. There are hardy, semi-hardy and tender varieties of lavender to choose from, so the species you pick should depend not only on the aesthetic you want to achieve, but the amount of elbow grease you’re prepared to put in coaxing your lavender to life. Whichever variety you go for, choose an amply-proportioned terracotta pot with plenty of drainage holes to plant them in and position it in a semi-sheltered spot. 11) Penstemon BOTANICAL NAME: Penstemon TYPICAL HARDINESS RATING: H3 FLOWERING PERIOD: JUNE – SEPTEMBER Penstemon, also known as beardtongue, is a striking plant whose delicate appearance belies its origins on the American plains.4 Characterised by lengthy, upright stems populated by picturesque bell-shaped flowers, penstemon is often mistaken for foxglove and shares many similar features. In total, there are more than 250 varieties of penstemon to choose from, with violet, red and yellow blossoms the most popular options among UK gardeners.5 Penstemon lend themselves particularly well to planting in containers, performing admirably in garden boxes or standalone pots. Just make sure to plant them in well-drained soil to avoid their roots becoming waterlogged. Make sure they receive plenty of water in the initial stages after planting, but once they have fully taken hold, only water when the substrate surface has dried out. 12) Common Vervain BOTANICAL NAME: VERBENA TYPICAL HARDINESS RATING: H4 FLOWERING PERIOD: JUNE – SEPTEMBER Verbena is a beautiful flower that has been used in aromatherapy and herbology for centuries. It makes a very attractive cut flower and works extremely well in a container, dazzling those who set eyes upon it with incredible floral displays in pink, red, purple, blue or white during the warmer months. The plant is both perennial and annual depending upon which variety you plump for, while there are also hardy and tender options available. As such, it’s worthwhile investing time into deciding exactly which species is best suited to your purposes and taking the necessary precautions to protect more sensitive varieties when appropriate. But furnish verbena with adequate drainage in its soil, around six hours of sunlight per day and a steady supply of water and you’ll be richly rewarded with its charming blossoms in the summer. 13) Bamboo BOTANICAL NAME: Bambusa vulgaris TYPICAL HARDINESS RATING: H6-H7 FLOWERING PERIOD: N/A 14) Peonies BOTANICAL NAME: Paeonia TYPICAL HARDINESS RATING: H6 FLOWERING PERIOD: APRIL – JUNE 15) Larkspur BOTANICAL NAME: DELPHINIUM TYPICAL HARDINESS RATING: H5 FLOWERING PERIOD: JUNE – JULY 16) Hydrangea BOTANICAL NAME: HYDRANGEA TYPICAL HARDINESS RATING: H5 FLOWERING PERIOD: JULY – OCTOBER 17) Chrysanthemums BOTANICAL NAME: CHRYSANTHEMUM TYPICAL HARDINESS RATING: H3-H4 FLOWERING PERIOD: SEPTEMBER – OCTOBER 18) Dahlias BOTANICAL NAME: DAHLIA TYPICAL HARDINESS RATING: VARIES BY TYPE FLOWERING PERIOD: JUNE – SEPTEMBER 19) Wallflowers BOTANICAL NAME: ERYSIMUM TYPICAL HARDINESS RATING: H4 FLOWERING PERIOD: MARCH – AUGUST 20) Yarrow BOTANICAL NAME: ACHILLEA TYPICAL HARDINESS RATING: H7 FLOWERING PERIOD: JUNE – AUGUST References 1. Agapanthus or Lily of the Nile. (n.d.). University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. Retrieved March 22, 2023, from https://gardeningsolutions.ifas.ufl.edu/plants/ornamentals/agapanthus.html 2. Bergenia crassifolia: Elephant-ears. (n.d.). NBN Atlas. Retrieved March 22, 2023, from https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NBNSYS0000013952 3. Mentary, L. (2015, January 18). The Difference Between Geraniums and Pelargoniums. Rozanne and Friends. Retrieved March 22, 2023, from https://www.geraniumrozanne.com/geraniums-and-pelargoniums/ 4. Strote, E. (2015, August 1). Penstemon: A colorful choice for water wise gardening. Colorado State University Extension. Retrieved March 22, 2023, from https://extension.colostate.edu/topic-areas/yard-garden/penstemon-a-colorful-choice-for-water-wise-gardening/ 5. AGM Penstemon: RHS Growing Guide. (2017, November). Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved March 22, 2023, from https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/Penstemon-grower-guide-smaller.pdf
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Who Doesn't Love Yellow Perennials? Here Are 20 That Will Keep Coming Back
IN THIS GUIDE 1) Yarrow 2) Corn Marigold 3) Primrose 4) Chamomile 5) Juniper 6) American Skunk Cabbage 7) Sunflower 8) Sneezeweed 9) Jeannine 10) Hooker Inula 11) Sweet Laura 12) Sauce Hollandaise 13) Daylily 14) Iris 15) Tickseed 16) St John’s Wort 17) Black Eyed Susan 18) Yellow Flowered Hellebore 19) Yellow Corydalis 20) Red Hot Pokers References Yellow perennials can bring the twin advantages of low maintenance with high impact to your garden’s palette. Who doesn’t love yellow flowers? Bringing a splash of sunshine to your garden, these reliable crowd-pleasers can make it feel like summer even when temperatures drop and the nights begin to grow longer. By selecting perennial varieties too, you can reap the benefits of a hardier plant that’ll require little maintenance – while mixing and matching the plants you choose can result in continual blooms from early spring right through until the end of autumn. “I love to use clumps of yellow plants to act like pots of gold, leading the eye through a garden, as perhaps the most visible colour to us and many pollinators,” shares Master Horticulturist Peter Lickorish. If you’re looking for inspiration for which yellow flowering perennials to introduce into your garden, this list of our favourites should give you plenty of food for thought. 1) Yarrow BOTANICAL NAME: Achillea millefolium HARDINESS RATING: H7 FLOWERING SEASON: SUMMER Yarrow blooms in a range of different colours, with yellow, white and pink being the most common varieties. “‘Sassy Summer Lemon’ is a more intense yellow, while ‘Summer Fruits Lemon’ is a creamy yellow,” shares Master Horticulturist Peter Lickorish. They’re immediately identifiable by their tight clusters of tiny flowers, whose flat-topped appearance calls to mind a levelled-off umbrella. They’re hardy plants that love the sun, thriving in well-drained soil and blooming from the end of spring to the beginning of autumn. Their delicate leaves, feathery to the touch, give off a pleasing aroma when crushed. 2) Corn Marigold BOTANICAL NAME: Glebionis segetum HARDINESS RATING: H7 FLOWERING SEASON: SUMMER Although not a true native flower, corn marigold has been fully naturalised across much of northern Europe today.1 It has upright stems growing to a medium height, topped with large, daisy-like discs of brilliant yellow. It grows well in most types of soil, though not alkaline soils, and it enjoys as much sun as you can give it. Its eye-catching yellow blooms occur from late spring to early autumn and are complemented by its bluish-green foliage, which is covered in a fine waxy layer and emanates an attractive odour. The plant is hugely popular among bees and butterflies, making it a great pollinator that encourages garden biodiversity. 3) Primrose BOTANICAL NAME: Primula vulgaris HARDINESS RATING: H7 FLOWERING SEASON: SPRING The pale yellow of the primrose is one of the first signs that spring has sprung, and as such can inject a welcome dose of colour into your garden come March. Its rosette-shaped flowers grow up to 4cm in diameter and will offer a pleasing contrast to the greenery around it, while it flourishes best in soil that receives some shade. If planting in full sun, make sure the soil is always moist and be mindful of aphids and other pesky insects which feed upon it. The name of the flower comes from the Latin prima rosa, meaning first rose of the year.2 It’s no surprise, therefore, that it’s one of the earliest bloomers, although April 19th is officially known as “Primrose day” despite the flowers blooming long before then. The reason? That date is the anniversary of former UK Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli’s death – and the primrose was his favourite flower.3 4) Chamomile BOTANICAL NAME: Chamaemelum nobile HARDINESS RATING: H7 FLOWERING SEASON: SUMMER This delicate flowering perennial grows up to 25cm in height and features oversized daisy-like heads, with bright yellow disc florets at their centre and white petals It used to grow wild all across the UK, but now is confined mainly to the southwest of England. However, it can be cultivated fairly easily in your garden in well-drained soil receiving full sun, but requires regular pruning to encourage dense growth. The plant gives off a pleasing apple scent when crushed. 5) Juniper BOTANICAL NAME: Juniperus communis HARDINESS RATING: H7 FLOWERING SEASON: SPRING Unlike the other entrants on this list, juniper is an evergreen shrub rather than a flower. However, it does produce small yellow blooms in May and June, which are closely followed by juniper berries. Gin enthusiasts will know all about these, with the name of the spirit actually coming from either the Dutch (genever) or French (genièvre) word for the plant.4 Juniper grows best in well-drained soil, but is hardy enough to flourish either in full sun or partial shade. It also requires little in the way of maintenance, but growers should keep in mind that its berries and flowers are significantly outperformed by its sprawling and spindly foliage – so planting locations should accommodate its prickly nature. 6) American Skunk Cabbage BOTANICAL NAME: Lysichiton americanus HARDINESS RATING: H4 FLOWERING SEASON: SPRING As the name suggests, this plant is not native to the UK, but rather hails from North America. It is considered an invasive species due to the fact that it quickly outgrows its space and outcompetes native rivals, causing significant damage to local flora if left unchecked.5 You can therefore no longer buy this plant in the UK, but the tender calla lily Zantedeschia ellottiana has a similar aesthetic. Despite the unpleasantness of its name, skunk cabbage boasts brilliant yellow flowers up to 30cm in height, bolstered by broad leaves growing up to 90cm. Whilst it adds exquisite elegance to a pond or other water feature (it thrives in fertile and very moist soil) remember to ensure it doesn’t encroach on neighbouring species. Allowing it to spread to the wild is illegal and material must be disposed of carefully.6 7) Sunflower BOTANICAL NAME: Helianthus HARDINESS RATING: H4 FLOWERING SEASON: SUMMER There are a wide variety of different sunflower species to choose from when it comes to bringing some of their tall and slender splendour into your garden. Perennial species such as H. salicifolius return year after year, along with its attention-demanding cousin ‘Lemon Queen’. Other exciting varieties like ‘Solar Chocolate Gold’ are annuals, so do your research beforehand to find the species and cultivar that suits your needs best. Whichever one you plump for, the sunflower invariably performs best in fertile and moist (but well-drained) soil. It also demands plenty of sunshine exposure (as you might guess from its name), while it’s also susceptible to slugs and requires pruning after flowering due to the fact that old stems die away in the winter months. 8) Sneezeweed BOTANICAL NAME: Helenium HARDINESS RATING: H7 FLOWERING SEASON: SUMMER / AUTUMN Again, Helenium (or sneezeweed as it is more colloquially known) comes in a wide range of varieties. One of our particular favourites is ‘El Dorado’ (pictured above), which features upright clumps ending in bright yellow flowers (tinged with red) centred around a brown cone. Blooming from midsummer to early autumn, the flower is the perfect addition to any yellow floral arrangement. Hardy enough to perform well in almost all soil types, Helenium ‘El Dorado’ does prefer decent drainage and requires full sun to properly flourish. In order to prolong its bloom, it’s important to deadhead it periodically, while it should be pruned halfway after it has bloomed and cut back all the way to its base in winter. Alternatively, leave its old stems and last spent flowers to stand upright over the winter and the seed heads have a skeletal elegance, especially when frosted. 9) Jeannine BOTANICAL NAME: Allium moly ‘JEANNINE’ HARDINESS RATING: H6 FLOWERING SEASON: SUMMER This bulbous perennial plant can grow up to 40cm in height and features tight clumps of grey-green leaves, topped with star-shaped flowers of a yellow variety in early summer. It performs best when exposed to full sun and also prefers reasonably fertile soil, but it doesn’t require much in the way of maintenance after planting and can fend off most pests on its own. It’s an ornamental onion plant and although it won’t bear edible produce for humans, it’s a favourite among bees, moths, butterflies and other pollinators, so it’s a good one to have around the garden in order to encourage biodiversity and promote growth. 10) Hooker Inula BOTANICAL NAME: Inula hookeri HARDINESS RATING: H6 FLOWERING SEASON: SUMMER Hooker inula is non-native and can be quite invasive, a little like the Skunk cabbage mentioned above. Originally hailing from the Himalayan mountains, it can propagate quickly and interfere with the development of plants in its vicinity, so be sure to choose your planting site with care when it comes to finding room for it in your garden.7 However, it is also just as eye-catching as the Skunk cabbage, meaning its invasive properties shouldn’t discourage inclusion in your display. With oversized flowers capable of growing up to 8cm in diameter and thin, tapering petals, it’s sure to draw the attention of visitors to your house throughout the summer months when it’s in full bloom. It enjoys partial shade and fertile, well-drained soils, but it’s resilient enough in most situations and works well in borders and beds. 11) Sweet Laura BOTANICAL NAME: Alstroemeria ‘SWEET LAURA’ HARDINESS RATING: H4 FLOWERING SEASON: SUMMER / AUTUMN Also known as the Peruvian lily, Sweet Laura is another striking cultivar of a non-native species that has become increasingly popular in gardens across the UK in recent years. That’s largely due to the brilliance of its flowers, which feature yellow petals flecked with a deep maroon and protruding stamen of the same red hue. It forms compact mounds and blooms from early summer to early autumn. This plant likes moist but well-drained soils and will cope well in most conditions, but does benefit from mulching annually in the first two years after planting. 12) Sauce Hollandaise BOTANICAL NAME: Anthemis tinctoria ‘SAUCE HOLLANDAISE’ HARDINESS RATING: H6 FLOWERING SEASON: SUMMER This knee-high perennial offers everything you might want in a yellow flowering plant for your garden. It’s incredibly easy to cultivate, requires minimal maintenance and produces masses upon masses of daisy-like flowerheads each summer, blooming throughout the warmer months and into autumn. The only real demand it places upon you is adequate soil drainage and full sun exposure. Its sprawling yellow-centred flowers complement a variety of backgrounds, from dense green foliage to spikes of startling colour. It also makes a beautiful cut flower in its own right, while the lovely aromatic scent given off by its foliage will stimulate the nostrils as well as the eyes. All in all, it’s an excellent addition to any garden due to its versatility, hardiness and eye-catching aesthetic appeal. 13) Daylily BOTANICAL NAME: Hemerocallis HARDINESS RATING: H6 FLOWERING SEASON: SUMMER Daylilies come in a variety of different forms, from the pastel yellow of ‘Stella de Oro’ to the pink and yellow ‘Catherine Woodbury’ to the more exotic reds, pinks and purples of other species. Regardless of which one you pick, they will invariably add irrepressible energy to your garden with their trumpet-like blooms and delicate petals. Although individual flowers only last for a single day, a daylily plant will produce plentiful blooms throughout summer, meaning your displays will look fantastic for weeks on end. They are hardy enough to require little care or maintenance, growing in sun or partial shade and being unfussy when it comes to the type of soil. They don’t require pruning, either, though they can be pared back right down to their base after flowering in order to encourage more growth the subsequent year. 14) Iris BOTANICAL NAME: Iris germanica HARDINESS RATING: H7 FLOWERING SEASON: late SPRING / early summer Irises come in a lovely spectrum of different colours – but perhaps none are quite as resplendent as the the fresh yellow of ‘Chickee.’ Its feathery petals communicate an image of fragile beauty, while its alluring odour and pleasing aesthetics are sure to turn the heads of any visitors to your garden during June when the flowers are in full bloom. Irises thrive when grown in full view of the sun and they prefer fertile and well-drained soil with slightly acidic content. After two years or so, they should reach their full height of around 0.5m, while you can encourage continual growth by removing fading foliage in early autumn – then stripping them back completely once all flowers have withered later on in the season. 15) Tickseed BOTANICAL NAME: Coreopsis HARDINESS RATING: H5 FLOWERING SEASON: SPRING / SUMMER 16) St John’s Wort BOTANICAL NAME: HYPERICUM HARDINESS RATING: H5 FLOWERING SEASON: SUMMER 17) Black Eyed Susan BOTANICAL NAME: Rudbeckia fulgida HARDINESS RATING: H6 FLOWERING SEASON: SUMMER / AUTUMN 18) Yellow Flowered Hellebore BOTANICAL NAME: Helleborus orientalis HARDINESS RATING: H7 FLOWERING SEASON: WINTER / SPRING 19) Yellow Corydalis BOTANICAL NAME: Corydalis lutea HARDINESS RATING: H5 FLOWERING SEASON: SPRING / SUMMER 20) Red Hot Pokers BOTANICAL NAME: Kniphofia HARDINESS RATING: H5 FLOWERING SEASON: SUMMER References 1. Corn Marigold (Glebionis segetum). (n.d.). iNaturalist. Retrieved March 27, 2023, from https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/77281-Glebionis-segetum 2. Primroses – heralds of spring. (2017, March 2). Woodlands.co.uk. Retrieved March 27, 2023, from https://www.woodlands.co.uk/blog/flora-and-fauna/primroses-heralds-of-spring/ 3. ‘Primrose Day‘, Frank Bramley, 1885. (n.d.). The Tate. Retrieved March 27, 2023, from https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/bramley-primrose-day-t03962 4. What is Genever? (n.d.). By The Dutch. Retrieved March 27, 2023, from https://www.bythedutch.com/genever/ 5. American Skunk Cabbage. (n.d.). Scottish Invasive Species Initiative. Retrieved March 27, 2023, from https://www.invasivespecies.scot/american-skunk-cabbage 6. Be Plant Wise. (n.d.). NNSS. Retrieved October 2, 2023, from https://www.nonnativespecies.org/what-can-i-do/be-plant-wise/ 7. Inula hookeri | Hooker inula. (n.d.). Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved March 27, 2023, from https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/9172/inula-hookeri/details
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17 Types Of Thistles With Native, Naturalised And Even Edible Options
IN THIS GUIDE Why Grow Thistles In Your Garden? Native / Naturalised Thistles 1) ‘Scottish Thistle’ (Onopordum acanthium) 2) Spear Thistle (Cirsium vulgare) 3) Melancholy Thistle (C. heterophyllum) 4) Creeping Thistle (C. arvense) 5) Meadow Thistle (C. dissectum) 6) Marsh Thistle (C. palustre) 7) Woolly Thistle (C. eriophorum) 8) Slender Thistle (Carduus tenuiflorus) 9) Musk Thistle (C. nutans) Other ‘Thistles’ & Thistle-Like Plants 10) Carline Thistle (Carlina spp.) 11) Common Knapweed (Centaurea) 12) Blue Sow Thistle (Cicerbita alpina) 13) Globe Thistles (Echinops) 14) Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum) 15) Globe Artichoke (Cynara scolymus) 16) Cardoon (C. cardunculus) 17) Sea Hollies (Eryngium) References Thistles are flowering plants characterised by their sharp prickles – some are common weeds but many can be great additions to UK gardens. Sometimes, the word ‘thistle’ is used to refer only to specific genera – Cirsium, Carduus and Onopordum. And sometimes it is used more broadly to refer to a wider range of prickly flowering plants. However you define the term, thistles can be very useful and attractive plants for your garden. Even those commonly considered to be weeds can be great choices to consider. We will begin by discussing a number of native or naturalised thistles that could be grown in UK gardens. Then we will go on to discuss other plants referred to as thistles or thistle-like plants that you might want to grow in your garden. Why Grow Thistles In Your Garden? The first and most important thing to recognise is that some of the plants listed below can be rather thuggish – they can be invasive plants and can quickly become irritating weeds if you do not take care.1 However, all of the thistles or thistle-like plants on this list are also excellent for wildlife – so it is well worthwhile considering giving them some space in a wildlife-friendly garden. Thistles of different types are important nectar sources for pollinators.2 When we are too zealous in getting rid of thistles or are reluctant to give them space in our gardens, we risk diminishing biodiversity and contributing to the loss of many important pollinator species. The spear thistle ranked in the top ten for nectar production in a survey carried out here in the UK, and this and other thistles are valued by bumblebees, for example, for their high nectar production.3 Thistles are also important for a range of lepidoptera, and are a favourite nectar source for several native butterflies, including the ‘painted lady’.4 Thistle seeds are also an important food source for finches and other seed-eating birds.5 You might be surprised to learn that thistles can also be a human food source. A number of thistles and thistle-like plants have edible uses and can also provide other yields in an abundant and productive garden. Native / Naturalised Thistles 1) ‘Scottish Thistle’ (Onopordum acanthium) Onopordum acanthium While it is likely to be one of the common plants that spring to mind when you think of the thistle, this national emblem of Scotland, chosen by Sir Walter Scott, is not actually a native plant.6 It is believed to have been introduced in Europe pre-16th century and has now naturalised in many areas. Though vigorous and often considered a weed, it can still be a useful plant, in flower from July to September and noted for attracting wildlife. The flower buds can be cooked and eaten, though are a little fiddly, and stems (with rind removed) can be boiled like asparagus or rhubarb. 2) Spear Thistle (Cirsium vulgare) C. vulgare The spear thistle, common thistle or bull thistle is the most likely candidate for the true Scottish thistle. This is also abundant in Scotland and native throughout much of the UK. This also has great benefits for wildlife, and has limited culinary uses. The root can be cooked and is somewhat akin to Jerusalem artichoke – and the flower buds can also be cooked and eaten. The dried flowers can also be used as a rennet substitute in cheese making.7 Though it can be a pernicious weed, eating the weeds can be a great way to deal with them while retaining natural biodiversity in your garden. 3) Melancholy Thistle (C. heterophyllum) C. heterophyllum A plant found in upland pastures in the north of the UK, it is common to see it in hay meadows, open woodlands and along streams and woodland verges. It could be another thistle to include in your garden. Unlike other thistles, it does not have prickles. Its leaves have a dense white felt underneath and it has single purple, thistle-like flowers. 4) Creeping Thistle (C. arvense) C. arvense This is the most common thistle species in the UK and is frequently found on disturbed and cultivated ground.8 It spreads very quickly and is often considered a weed, but like the other thistles mentioned, it has great benefits to wildlife. Its seeds are an important food source for garden and farmland birds. Like other thistles, these too have historically been viewed as a human food source.9 5) Meadow Thistle (C. dissectum) C. dissectum The meadow thistle is an herbaceous perennial that is small and slender, without large spines on its leaves. It is a short thistle, up to around 80cm in height, with single pinky-purple flowers. And is commonly found on damp meadows and grassland. It could find a place in a similar habitat in your garden if you are in Southern England, South Wales or Northern Ireland. 6) Marsh Thistle (C. palustre) C. palustre The marsh thistle or European swamp thistle is a tall thistle that produces a lot of nectar for a wide variety of pollinators.10 It thrives in damp ground such as wet fields, marshes or stream banks. Typically the multiple flowers of this plant are purple though white flowers are sometimes also found. 7) Woolly Thistle (C. eriophorum) C. eriophorum This is one somewhat more scarce species of thistle that is found mainly in Southern England. It prefers chalk or limestone grasslands and will do well in these conditions in a southern garden.11 The woolly flower heads of this type of thistle are unmistakable. The reddish-purple flowers top spiny bracts that are covered in ‘white wool’. 8) Slender Thistle (Carduus tenuiflorus) Carduus tenuiflorus The slender thistle, also known as the seaside thistle, occurs naturally occasionally in the UK, mainly in coastal regions. It occurs very infrequently inland. It is quite tall, and bears small pinking flower heads in compact clusters of 3 or more. This is a thistle for coastal gardens with free-draining soil. A similar and more widespread species is Carduus crispus, the welted thistle, which is found in several areas of the UK, south of Edinburgh. 9) Musk Thistle (C. nutans) C. nutans The musk thistle is found throughout the UK but is most common in England and Wales. It is a common species of chalky soil and so could be a useful garden plant if you have this soil type where you live.12 It is common to see this plant on roadside verges or rough grassland, and it could be a good choice for a wilder, less tended part of your garden. Other ‘Thistles’ & Thistle-Like Plants 10) Carline Thistle (Carlina spp.) Carlina spp. The Carline thistle produces distinctive brown-and-golden flower heads that resemble a seeded thistle. This spiny biennial plant thrives on dry, chalk grassland in England and Wales. They create interest over a long period, the flower heads look like a thistle that has gone to seed, but they are actually in full flower. And the dead heads then persist, often through winter to the following spring. 11) Common Knapweed (Centaurea) Common Knapweed Common knapweed is frequently found on all sorts of grasslands around the UK. It has thistle-like purple flower heads and like the true thistles described above, attracts a wide range of wildlife including many native butterfly species including common blues, marbled whites and meadow browns.13 It can be a great flowering plant to naturalise in your lawn. 12) Blue Sow Thistle (Cicerbita alpina) Cicerbita alpina A rare native of Scotland, the blue sow thistle is a perennial hardy to UK zone 4. It thrives in partial or dappled shade and prefers moist soil, and the limited sites where it grows in Scotland are at the edge of its native range. It is a protected species in the UK – if you live in the Highlands then perhaps you could be involved in conservation efforts by cultivating this flowering thistle-like plant. Even in other areas, it can make a good garden plant. 13) Globe Thistles (Echinops) Echinops Echinops is a genus known commonly as ‘globe thistles’. They have spiny foliage and blue or white flower heads in a spherical shape. Echinops such as the blue globe thistle E. bannaticus can be excellent choices for garden plants. They will do best in a well-drained soil in full sun but will tolerate most soils in full sun, or light shade. Try E. bannaticus ‘Star Frost’, E. bannaticus ‘Taplow Blue’, E. ritro ‘Vietch’s Blue’ or E. ritro ‘Arctic Glow’. These are all great pollinator plants and also beautiful ornamental plants for a garden. 14) Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum) Silybum marianum Milk thistles, also called blessed Mary’s thistles, blessed thistles or lady’s thistles, are robust perennials that form rosettes of large, spiny leaves veined with white, and purple flower heads. Native to the Mediterranean, they can grow in a UK garden in full sun, in poor to medium fertile, well-drained soil that has neutral or mildly alkaline pH. It also potentially has a number of edible uses, though in nitrogen-rich soil it can accumulate nitrates, so care should be taken.14 15) Globe Artichoke (Cynara scolymus) Cynara scolymus If you were intrigued by the edible possibilities of some of the thistles listed above then you will likely be very interested in growing globe artichokes in your garden. Cynara are thistle-like plants that find a place in many edible gardens. C. scolymus is the common edible globe artichoke. The edible portion of the plant is of course the flower bud before the flowers come into bloom. There are a number of edible cultivars that can be grown in the United Kingdom. Artichoke hearts are a delicacy common in Italy and other countries, and the leaves covering the choke are also edible. 16) Cardoon (C. cardunculus) C. cardunculus The ancestor of the globe artichoke, the cardoon or ‘wild artichoke’ is another option to consider. “Solely on ornamental merit, the Cardoon has great presence in the garden,” says Master Horticulturist Colin Skelly. “Even when not in flower, its large silver foliage is a great foil for many other perennials.” The stems of cultivated varieties are also used as food around the Mediterranean, and this is also a source for a rennet substitute used in cheese making. The leaf stalks look like large celery stems. They can be steamed or braised and have an artichoke like flavour with a little bitterness. 17) Sea Hollies (Eryngium) Eryngium Finally, no discussion of growing thistles in the UK would be complete without some discussion of the group of thistle-like plants called Eryngium. These spiny perennials are dramatic and architectural in form and some look superficially like thistles. They can be great garden plants which can be used to great effect in many garden schemes. Eryngium, also called sea hollies, will thrive in a very free-draining soil, sometimes even soils that are lacking in nutrients. They do best in full sun. Avoid planting them in rich soils, or in the shade. Some Eryngium to grow in the UK include: E. giganteum E. bourgatii E. pandanifolium E. x tripartitum E. x oliverianum Like the other thistles and thistle-like plants mentioned above, Eryngiums not only look beautiful but can also help you to create a wildlife-friendly garden. This list is by no means an exhaustive one. But considering the above should help you find a place for thistles and thistle-like plants in your garden. Whether you want a native thistle, or something to add drama to your garden without getting out of control, you should be able to find the right plants to place in the right positions where you live. References 1. Thistle management and control. (n.d.). Suffolk Wildlife Trust. Retrieved March 27, 2023, from https://www.suffolkwildlifetrust.org/thistle-management-and-control 2. Life on a spear thistle. (2020, August 7). Alan Watson Featherstone. Retrieved March 27, 2023, from https://alanwatsonfeatherstone.com/life-on-a-spear-thistle/ 3. Memmott, J. (n.d.). Quantifying nectar resources from the flower to the national scale. Retrieved March 27, 2023, from https://www.agriland.leeds.ac.uk/news/documents/4_JaneMemmottnectarresources.pdf 4. Thistles, foodplant of caterpillars of teh Painted Lady Butterfly in Britain. (n.d.). Butterfly Friendly Wildflowers From Ladyburn Native Plant Nursery. Retrieved March 27, 2023, from https://www.caterpillarfoodplants.com/thistles.html 5. Vanover, L. (2022, December 13). 3 Types of Seeds and Feeders Birds Love Best. Birds and Blooms. Retrieved March 27, 2023, from https://www.birdsandblooms.com/birding/attracting-birds/feeding-birds/three-seed-types-birds-love-best/ 6. Scotch Thistle. (n.d.). National Records of Scotland. Retrieved March 27, 2023, from https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/research/archivists-garden/index-by-plant-name/scotch-thistle#:~:text=The%20plant%20we%20know%20as,accepted%20as%20a%20national%20emblem. 7. Rylander, S. (2021, June 11). A Brief History of Cheesemaking with Thistle Rennet. The Cheese Professor. Retrieved March 27, 2023, from https://www.cheeseprofessor.com/blog/thistle-rennet-cheesemaking 8. Creeping thistle. (n.d.). The Wildlife Trusts. Retrieved March 27, 2023, from https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/wildflowers/creeping-thistle 9. Cirsium arvense. (n.d.). PFAF Plant Database. Retrieved March 27, 2023, from https://pfaf.org/user/plant.aspx?LatinName=Cirsium+arvense 10. Hicks, D., Ouvrard, P., Baldock, K. C. R., Baude, M., Goddard, M. A., Kunin, W. E., Mitschunas, N., Memmott, J., Morse, H., Nikolitsi, M., Osgathorpe, L. M., Potts, S. G., Robertson, K., Scott, A. M., Sinclair, F., Westbury, D. B., & Stone, G. N. (2016). Food for Pollinators: Quantifying the Nectar and Pollen Resources of Urban Flower Meadows. PLOS ONE, 11(6), e0158117. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158117 11. Woolly thistle. (n.d.). Cumbria Wildlife Trust. Retrieved March 27, 2023, from https://www.cumbriawildlifetrust.org.uk/wildlife-explorer/wildflowers/woolly-thistle 12. Musk thistle. (n.d.). The Wildlife Trusts. Retrieved March 27, 2023, from https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/wildflowers/musk-thistle 13. Common Knapweed or Black Knapweed. (n.d.). Norfolk Wildlife Trust. Retrieved March 27, 2023, from https://www.norfolkwildlifetrust.org.uk/wildlife-in-norfolk/species-explorer/plants/common-knapweed-or-black-knapweed 14. Milk Thistle (Blessed Thistle, Mary Thistle). (n.d.). Tortoise Table Plant Database. Retrieved March 27, 2023, from https://www.thetortoisetable.org.uk/plant-database/viewplants/?plant=447&c=6#.ZCGG2OzML0o
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