Growing
Common Syringa Types And Where To Grow Them, With David Gressley (Lilac Society)
IN THIS GUIDE Overview Why Grow Lilac? Common Varieties Where To Grow Lilac References Lilac (Syringa vulgaris) is an excellent choice of shrub for many gardens. It is an attractive ornamental commonly grown for its showy blooms of pinkish, purple or white flowers that emerge for a short period in the late spring or early summer – just before roses and other summer flowers come into bloom. “Syringa vulgaris is a deciduous shrub that provides some of the most fragrant flowers that are known for attracting bees, butterflies and other pollinators,” adds Anca Panait, a Garden Designer. “It can also be used as a small tree in the garden by pruning the lower branches.” For these guides, we sought advice from David Gressley – a Board Member with the International Lilac Society and the Vice President of the US division. “Over 2,000 lilac cultivars are named for early botanists, ordinary and state people, places and events that can be arranged in a contrasting colour array to best accentuate their hue,” explains David, when discussing his fascination with the lilac genus. Overview Botanical Name Syringa vulgaris Common Name(s) Lilac Plant Type Shrub Native Area Balkans Hardiness Rating H6 Foliage Simple (sometimes pinnate) leaves Flowers Conical panicles; usually coloured lilac, pink or white When To Sow March, April, May, June, September, October Flowering Months May The common lilac is in the Oleaceae or olive family.1 It is native to the Balkan peninsula, where it naturally grows on rocky hills.2 It is now widely cultivated in the UK and around the world, and has been naturalised in some parts of Europe and North America, though is not regarded as an aggressive or invasive species. Today, there are many different names and cultivated varieties to choose from. Why Grow Lilac? Though it blooms for just a short period of time in late spring or early summer, we would still highly recommend growing lilac in your garden. While these shrubs are in flower, their beautiful pink, pale purple or white flowers are truly beautiful and they will effuse a lovely scent out around your garden. What is more, even when the flowers are done for the year, the shrubs themselves will continue to add architectural height and structure to your outside space. The flowers won’t just be great for you, they are also fantastic for attracting bees and other pollinators such as butterflies and moths to your garden. This definitely makes them a good choice for a wildlife-friendly garden, especially when combined with other plants that bloom at different times of year, or over a longer period. The flowers can also be a useful yield and can also be used in projects inside your home. You can make an essential oil, or an infused oil that can be used in perfumery, and in a range of natural DIY cleaning or beauty products. The flowers can also be used to yield a natural green dye, green and brown dyes can also be derived from the leaves, and a yellow-orange natural dye from the twigs. The wood from the lilac is also used for pens, bowls and other small-turned projects, and small carved items. Common Varieties There are many cultivars of S. vulgaris to consider in the UK, including: ‘Andenken an Ludwig Späth’ ‘Firmament’ ‘Katherine Havemeyer’ ‘Madame Lemoine’ ‘Mrs Edward Harding’ ‘Primrose’ ‘Sensation’ ‘Vestale’ ‘Alba’ (White) ‘Maréchal Foch’ (White) When choosing a lilac, your primary consideration is likely to be aesthetics, and the colour and variation of the blooms. Most will have similar growth habits, though a few are more compact in form and a little less vigorous than others. If you are looking for a smaller plant, ‘Red Pixie’ could be a good choice to consider. This is not only suitable for a small garden, it could also be grown successfully in a large pot. One thing to note is that in this article we are referring to S. vulgaris (common lilac) but there are actually a few other species within this genus to consider. Some examples include: S. emodi More commonly known as ‘Himalayan lilac’. S. emodi ‘Aureovariegata’ A large deciduous shrub growing up to 5m tall, with tubular white flowers and variegated leaves. S. meyeri ‘Palibin’ Known as ‘Korean Lilac’ – this species has purple-pink flowers. This option is another compact lilac, great for small spaces or container growing. Where To Grow Lilac “To provide proper care for your lilac shrub, start by choosing an optimal site location to encourage good plant health,” says David. Lilac prefers and warm and sunny position, though it can also do well in dappled shade. It is best to make sure that the location will get at least 6 hours of sun each day. It is hardy to zone H6 in the UK. The ideal place to grow lilac is in a deep, fertile and well-drained loam. However, this is a plant that can succeed in most soils, including chalk. “Because I have an acidic soil I can’t grow lilacs, which is a real shame because I’d grow a few if I could,” shares Colin Skelly, a Horticultural Consultant. “I’ve tried but they look so unhappy that I can’t put them through it any more. “I have to wait until I visit regions such as the Cotswolds with chalky soils to enjoy the splendours of lilacs.” The one thing to note is that it does not perform at its best in acidic soil conditions. Lilac is very useful as part of an informal, wild, mixed hedgerow or in a traditional border, where it will be great for adding height and structure at or close to the back of the bed. References 1. Syringa vulgaris – Common Lilac. (n.d.). Plant Facts. Retrieved March 21, 2023, from https://plantfacts.osu.edu/pdf/0247-1083.pdf 2. Common Lilac (Syringa vulgaris). (n.d.). iNaturalist. Retrieved March 21, 2023, from https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/83072-Syringa-vulgaris
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20 White Flowering Shrubs With RHS Awards For Garden Merit
IN THIS GUIDE Award Winning White Flowering Shrubs 1) Paeonia lactiflora / Peony ‘Whitleyi Major’ 2) Hydrangea arborescens ‘Annabelle’ 3) Rhododendron ‘Dora Amateis’ 4) Cotoneaster conspicuus / Tibetan cotoneaster ‘Decorus’ 5) Argyranthemum / Marguerite ‘Donington Hero’ 6) Rhododendron ‘Madame Masson’ 7) Enkianthus campanulatus 8) Tulipa ‘Lady Jane’ 9) Viburnum opulus ‘Roseum’ / Red Guelder Rose 10) Magnolia stellata / Star Magnolia ‘Centennial’ 11) Hyacinth ‘L’Innocence’ 12) Erica lusitanica / Portugal Heath 13) Spiraea nipponica / Tosa Spirea ‘Snowmound’ Notable Mentions 14) Escallonia lveyi 15) Buddleja davidii ‘White Profusion’ 16) Philadelphus coronarius ‘Aureus’ 17) Holodiscus discolor ‘Creambush’ 18) Cephalanthus occidentalis ‘Buttonbush’ 19) Syringa vulgaris ‘Madame Lemoine’ 20) Hibiscus syriacus ‘Snowdrift’ References White is the lightest colour, associated with all manner of noble concepts like innocence, sacrifice, cleanliness and purity. From the White Cliffs of Dover to the proud white granite facades of famous buildings of antiquity, the colour holds a special place in our culture.1 It also occurs frequently in nature, with some of the most beautiful plants and flowers boasting crisp white petals and blooms. If you’re looking for white flowering shrubs and bushes to grow in your garden, it can be an overwhelming task. There are thought to be over 3,600 plants which can be grown in the UK with these attributes.2 With this in mind, we’ve rounded up some of the prettiest and most rewarding white flowering shrubs. Award Winning White Flowering Shrubs Each of the white flowering bushes in this list has been awarded the RHS Award of Garden Merit (AGM), indicating particular suitability for growth in British gardens.3 We wanted our list to be practical and actionable, rather than abstract. 1) Paeonia lactiflora / Peony ‘Whitleyi Major’ HARDINESS RATING: H6 SIZE: 1 X 1M FLOWERING MONTHS: SUMMER MORE WHITE PEONY VARIETIES: ‘Shirley Temple’, ‘Double White’ These proud white-cupped peonies are eye-catching and undeniably attractive. Centred around bold yellow stamens, the white petals really come into their own. Sometimes it takes a strong colour to bring the best out of white petals, and peony ‘Whitleyi Major’ is a perfect example. In the spring you’ll also enjoy a red tint to the foliage, lending another visual element to these fine flowers. This peony likes full sun or partial shade, and will grow to height of around a metre over a few years. It’s not fussy with soil type or acidity, but prefers moist, well-drained conditions. 2) Hydrangea arborescens ‘Annabelle’ HARDINESS RATING: H6 SIZE: 2.5 X 2.5M FLOWERING MONTHS: SUMMER MORE WHITE HYDRANGEA VARIETIES: ‘RUNAWAY BRIDE’, ‘BENI-YAMA’ Hydrangeas are a familiar sight in British gardens, with blue, pink, and white being the prominent colour palette. While we love them all, it’s hard to deny the subtle charm of ‘Annabelle’. Here you’ll find flat open flowers in a perimeter around a smaller cluster of closed ones. Taken together, it’s an inviting and thought-provoking bloom. This plant flowers in late summer and early autumn, extending the season of visual interest in spring- or summer-heavy gardens. “I have planted ‘Annabelle’ in slightly alkaline soil, but I would not recommend it as you tend to find leaves go a bit yellow,” shares gardening expert Dan Ori. Moist, well-drained soil is important too, and avoid alkali soil. Over a period of five or so years, your hydrangea bush should reach its full height of about a metre squared. 3) Rhododendron ‘Dora Amateis’ HARDINESS RATING: H6 SIZE: 1 X 1M FLOWERING MONTHS: SPRING MORE WHITE RHODODENDRON VARIETIES: ‘GREAT WHITE’, ‘PLEASANT WHITE’ Another common contender in British gardens, rhododendrons come in an exciting array of colours, shapes, and sizes. Dora Amateis takes the cake for white rhododendrons, however. In spring your bush will erupt into a fanfare of white, whose brevity more than makes up for its beauty. Combined with another later-flowering white bush, this rhododendron variety will make a fantastic visual contribution to your garden. For best results, grow in partial shade and ensure the plant is sheltered from the worst of the weather. Avoid chalky soil, as well as neutral or alkali planting locations. The timeframe and eventual size is similar to the Hydrangea above: five years or so to reach a maximum size of about a meter squared. 4) Cotoneaster conspicuus / Tibetan cotoneaster ‘Decorus’ HARDINESS RATING: H6 SIZE: 1.5 X 2.5M FLOWERING MONTHS: SUMMER Each summer, every bough of your cotoneaster will burst forth with hundreds of tiny white flowers. Then, as summer fades away and autumn sets in, wildly bright red berries will take their place. Combined, the two provide a majestic visual. If you’re looking for a white bush that provides a large volume of flowers, this is a good option. Grow in full sun or partial shade, and enjoy working with a plant that’s not too fussy with soil conditions, as long as it’s well-drained. Your wait time for a full-sized plant is a little longer than others in this list: It’ll take at least ten years to hit full size, probably a few more. 5) Argyranthemum / Marguerite ‘Donington Hero’ HARDINESS RATING: H2 SIZE: 1 X 0.5M FLOWERING MONTHS: SPRING / SUMMER / AUTUMN MORE WHITE ARGYRANTHEMUM VARIETIES: ‘QINTA WHITE’, ‘MADEIRA WHITE’ If you enjoy the wildflower aesthetic, with lots of intrepid white flowers poking forth from a dense green bush, then you’ll love the ‘Donington Hero’. Each flower is a line-up of white petals dancing around a vibrant yellow centre, simultaneously bringing to mind calmness, peace, sunshine, and many other things you’ll want to define your garden. This plant loves full sun and a well-sheltered position, and will be happy in any soil except chalk, provided it’s sufficiently drained. Compared to the previous couple of plants, this will get established quickly. Expect to wait a year or two for a full-sized plant. 6) Rhododendron ‘Madame Masson’ HARDINESS RATING: H6 SIZE: 2.5 X 2.5M FLOWERING MONTHS: SPRING MORE WHITE RHODODENDRON VARIETIES: ‘CUNNINGHAM’S WHITE’, ‘LODER’S WHITE’ Another rhododendron, this time with flowers which sometimes boast a delicate pink tint alongside their characteristic whiteness. We’ve included this flower in our list because it’s a great reminder that real beauty in gardens is often achieved when colours are used to draw out the best in each other, creating striking harmonies between different shapes, sizes, colours, and hues. Seeing such displays dance gently in the wind, maybe with a few bees and butterflies thrown into the mixture for good measure, is what gardening is all about. And ‘Madame Masson’ is exactly the kind of flower that performs well in such ensembles. This flower likes partial shade and good shelter, and won’t grow too well in chalk soil. It prefers acidic soil that’s moist and well-drained, and will take about 15 years to grow to its full size. 7) Enkianthus campanulatus HARDINESS RATING: H5 SIZE: 4 X 4M FLOWERING MONTHS: SPRING / SUMMER If big, brash flowers aren’t up your street, then perhaps you’ll enjoy the dainty and intricate bloom of the Enkianthus campanulatus. These lantern-like flowers hang in small clusters beneath rich green leaves, with light green stems creating a balance between the two. It’s a treat to behold. Then, in spring, summer, and autumn, you see little flourishes of orange, red, and yellow. All in all, this is a beautiful and rewarding plant. This bush can grow to a full size upwards of four metres, and will take at least twenty years to get there – perhaps one or two decades more! Make sure to consider this fact when planting the bush, as you’ll be in it for the long haul. 8) Tulipa ‘Lady Jane’ HARDINESS RATING: H6 SIZE: 0.5 X 0.1M FLOWERING MONTHS: SPRING MORE WHITE TULIP VARIETIES: ‘DANCELINE’, ‘MONDIAL’ Tulips are one of the most popular flowers for a reason. Their striking beauty and delicate scent encapsulate everything a flower should. ‘Lady Jane’ is a fantastic choice for gardeners looking to bring the magic of tulips into their garden, for several reasons: They’re fairly easy to grow, distinctly characteristic and move through a series of captivating hues centred around a brilliant white. Plant in full sun with shelter against the worst of the weather and ensuring well-drained soil, and you’ll be quickly rewarded by a wonderful white bloom. 9) Viburnum opulus ‘Roseum’ / Red Guelder Rose HARDINESS RATING: H6 SIZE: 4 X 4M FLOWERING MONTHS: SPRING / SUMMER MORE WHITE VIBURNUM VARIETIES: ‘STERILE’ The guelder rose is neither a rose, nor are its flowers red. The name refers to a region of the Netherlands where a popular cultivar, the snowball, was developed. This cultivar achieves a stunning bloom of white flowers, nestled against each other in a compact globe. It’s a sight to behold, and what better place to behold it than in your own garden! In autumn, the white flowers will give way to a striking burst of bright red berries whose size and shape resembles cranberries. This beautiful bush isn’t fussy with aspect, exposure, sunlight, soil type, or pH. Little wonder it’s received the RHS AGM, as it’s a popular choice for beginner gardeners looking for something pretty but easy to grow. 10) Magnolia stellata / Star Magnolia ‘Centennial’ HARDINESS RATING: H6 SIZE: 2.5 X 4M FLOWERING MONTHS: SPRING MORE WHITE MAGNOLIA VARIETIES: ‘ROYAL STAR’, ‘SCENTED SILVER’, ‘CENTENNIAL’ Another common name in lists of popular flowers, magnolia carries a certain amount of star power at the best of times. This variety, the star magnolia ‘Centennial’, condenses the astral appeal of the plant: Bright, illuminating white blooms that stand aloft on tall branches, casting their radiant glow onto everything beneath. And while we may be taking liberties with grand poetic descriptions of plants, the white flowers of this magnolia cultivar will definitely hold up to scrutiny. In full sun or partial shade, and with shelter against the elements, the Centennial will grow to a size of around 2.5m x 4m, over a period of about 15 years. 11) Hyacinth ‘L’Innocence’ HARDINESS RATING: H4 SIZE: 0.1 X 0.5M FLOWERING MONTHS: SPRING MORE WHITE HYACINTH VARIETIES: ‘GYPSY PRINCESS’, ‘AIOLOS’ ‘L’innocence’ alludes to white’s associations with innocence, purity, and similar concepts. The airy white flowers with light dustings of yellow in the centre grow vertically around a central core, creating an inviting and appealing aesthetic. While the season of visual interest is short – just one bloom in spring – hyacinths can be replanted to encourage ongoing growth year after year. Their scent is something to behold, too: It announces, without any ambiguity, that spring has arrived, and is here to stay. This variety of hyacinth grows best in full sun or partial shade, with good shelter. It’s not fussy with soil type or acidity, as long as the soil is well-drained. 12) Erica lusitanica / Portugal Heath HARDINESS RATING: H4 SIZE: 2.5 X 1M FLOWERING MONTHS: WINTER / SPRING MORE WHITE HEATHER VARIETIES: ‘GOLD TURRET’ Another plant with a strong vertical aesthetic, Portugal heath enjoys showy clusters of lantern-like flowers, draping languorously from green boughs. Their listless, lilting energy are the perfect visual accompaniment to a warm, hazy spring day, where there’s nothing more appealing than sitting, basking in the sun, and watching the world go by. Thriving in full sun, this plant definitely aligns well with spring. Growing well in anything except chalky, acidic soil, Portugal heath will take between five and ten years to reach its maximum spread of 2.5m x 1m. 13) Spiraea nipponica / Tosa Spirea ‘Snowmound’ HARDINESS RATING: H6 SIZE: 2.5 X 2.5M FLOWERING MONTHS: SUMMER MORE WHITE SPIREA VARIETIES: ‘VANHOUTTE’, ‘GARLAND’ The clusters of white flowers that make snowmound so charming are a pleasure to behold. Densely packed but not cramped, and nestled amongst deep green leaves, it’s a bush with a lot to offer visually in your garden. This variety is favoured by bees and other pollinators, meaning you’ll get to enjoy watching their buzzy business unfold whenever the weather allows for it. For us, flowers that invite life to your garden are amongst our favourites. They’re a reminder that gardens are more than just sideshows to look at – they’re rich, active ecosystems where flora and fauna interact and support each other in a beautiful dance. In a spot with full sun or partial shade, where soil is anything but chalky, this plant will take hold in a British garden. Over a decade or so, the plant will approach its full size of about 2.5 metres squared. Notable Mentions While the white-flowering shrubs chosen as notable mentions might not all be AGM award winners, we still think you’ll enjoy growing them in your garden: 14) Escallonia lveyi HARDINESS RATING: H4 SIZE: 2.5 X 2.5M FLOWERING MONTHS: SUMMER MORE WHITE ESCALLONIA VARIETIES: ‘BIFIDA’ 15) Buddleja davidii ‘White Profusion’ HARDINESS RATING: H6 SIZE: 4 X 4M FLOWERING MONTHS: SUMMER / AUTUMN MORE WHITE BUDDLEJA VARIETIES: ‘BUZZ IVORY’, ‘PIXIE WHITE’ 16) Philadelphus coronarius ‘Aureus’ HARDINESS RATING: H6 SIZE: 2.5 X 1.5M FLOWERING MONTHS: SUMMER MORE WHITE PHILADELPHUS VARIETIES: ‘VIRGINAL’ 17) Holodiscus discolor ‘Creambush’ HARDINESS RATING: H5 SIZE: 4 X 4M FLOWERING MONTHS: SUMMER 18) Cephalanthus occidentalis ‘Buttonbush’ HARDINESS RATING: H5 SIZE: 2.5 X 2.5M FLOWERING MONTHS: SUMMER / AUTUMN MORE WHITE CEPHALANTHUS VARIETIES: ‘TETRANDRUS’ 19) Syringa vulgaris ‘Madame Lemoine’ HARDINESS RATING: H6 SIZE: 4 X 4M FLOWERING MONTHS: SPRING / SUMMER MORE WHITE SYRINGA VARIETIES: ‘MEYERI FLOWERFESTA WHITE’, ‘ALBA COMMON’ 20) Hibiscus syriacus ‘Snowdrift’ HARDINESS RATING: H5 SIZE: 4 X 2.5M FLOWERING MONTHS: SUMMER / AUTUMN MORE WHITE HIBISCUS VARIETIES: ‘WHITE CHIFFON’, ‘WHITE PILLAR’, ‘SHINTAEYANG’ References 1. Cherry, K. (2023, March 13). The Meaning of the Color White. Verywell Mind. Retrieved March 27, 2023, from https://www.verywellmind.com/color-psychology-white-2795822 2. RHS advice & tips on garden & indoor plants. (n.d.). Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved March 27, 2023, from https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/search-results?colourWithAttributes=40014&plantTypes=6&pageSize=20&startFrom=80 3. See RHS Award of Garden Merit (AGM) plant, fruit & veg award winners / RHS Gardening. (n.d.). Royal Horticultural Society. https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/trials-awards/award-of-garden-merit
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Here's 10 Vivid Blue Flowering Shrubs Grown By Colin Skelly
IN THIS GUIDE 1) African Lily 2) Bluebeard ‘Heavenly Blue’ 3) Buddleja ‘Blue Chip’ 4) Blue Flowering Lilac 5) Rose Of Sharon ‘Blue Chiffon’ 6) California Lilac 7) Chinese Wisteria 8) Clematis ‘Dutch Sky’ 9) Hydrangea ‘Nikko Blue’ 10) Russian Sage Shrubs and bushes are essential for adding body and depth to your garden, while choosing ones with blue blossoms brings a splash of colour to boot. What is it about blue flowers that make them such a striking sight? Perhaps it’s their relative rarity in comparison to white, yellow, red and purple blossoms; maybe it’s the cool tranquillity they lend to their surroundings. Whatever the reason, blue blooms are quite something to behold and when adorning a bush or shrub, they can bring even more variety to your existing display. Even though blue flowers are less commonplace than some other colours, there are still plenty of shrubs and bushes bearing their picturesque petals to choose from. Here are ten of our favourite blue flowering specimens to provide some inspiration the next time you’re planning a makeover or tweaking the colour scheme of your garden arrangements. 1) African Lily BOTANICAL NAME: AGAPANTHUS HARDINESS RATING: H3-H5 FLOWERING MONTHS: JUNE – SEPTEMBER Despite originally hailing from South Africa, the African Lily (sometimes known as Lily of the Nile) has been bred to thrive in climes less kindly than its native land. Today, the genus positively thrives in Britain, producing clusters of bell-shaped flowers on towering stems that can surpass 1.2m. They bloom all summer long and add a striking blue focal point to any bed or border. Thankfully, Agapanthus come in three different categories, according to their size: small plants, reaching a maximum of 60cm; medium-sized specimens, which can grow to around 90cm; or the larger varieties mentioned above, which exceed one metre. As such, you can choose whichever species fits best for the location in which you wish to plant it. As for growing them, African Lilies perform best when drenched in sunshine, so plant them in a south-facing spot of the garden. They’ll do well in any fertile soil that drains freely, though more vulnerable strains (A. africanus) may need transplanting indoors during the colder months. 2) Bluebeard ‘Heavenly Blue’ BOTANICAL NAME: Caryopteris x clandonensis HARDINESS RATING: H4 FLOWERING MONTHS: AUGUST – SEPTEMBER ‘Heavenly Blue’ is a deciduous shrub that will treat you to a spectacular display of dark blue flowers each August and September. The blooms are stacked intermittently on spindly stems, atop a mass of pale green leaves with pointed tips and aromatic foliage. Come winter, the plant will lose all of its finery and wither back into itself, before springing forth with new shoots the next year. Best of all, Bluebeard is an absolute magnet for bees, butterflies and other pollinating insects. That makes it an invaluable tool for injecting a dollop of biodiversity into your garden and ensuring it is full of life, colour and activity. It makes a particularly pleasing addition to a mixed border or in amongst a collection of other shrubs. The cultivar generally does well in most climates, being a fully hardy shrub that’ll stand up to even the most dramatic drops in the mercury. If you do expect temperatures to plummet regularly below -5°C, accommodate it by planting against a south-facing wall or fence, and prune and mulch each spring to ensure best results. 3) Buddleja ‘Blue Chip’ BOTANICAL NAME: Buddleja davidii HARDINESS RATING: H5 FLOWERING MONTHS: JULY – OCTOBER Speaking of butterflies, Buddlejas aren’t known colloquially as butterfly bushes for nothing. This particular cultivar, smaller and more compact than its more sprawling cousins, makes for a perfect border plant or can even be cultivated as a low hedge, giving off an intoxicating fragrance and drawing in countless fluttering wings to please both the sight and the smell. Aside from the wonders that it will work for the diversity of your garden’s ecosystem, ‘Blue Chip’ will also, as the name suggests, bring striking azure tones to your garden. The delicately bobbing stems will be awash with thousands of blue flowerheads throughout the whole summer long, making it highly useful as a cut flower, too. A miniature deciduous shrub, ‘Blue Chip’ isn’t likely to surpass 30cm in height, but could double that in width. It loves the full warmth of the sun’s rays and will do well in almost all soil types, while it’s also resistant to drought, pests and disease. Remove spent flowerheads to maximise blossoms and minimise self-seeding, but avoid pruning until the spring. 4) Blue Flowering Lilac BOTANICAL NAME: Syringa vulgaris ‘Nadezhda’ HARDINESS RATING: H4 FLOWERING MONTHS: MAY – AUGUST This Russian hybrid is a particularly striking type of lilac that can be grown as either a deciduous shrub or small tree. Its heart-shaped flowers deliver up stems studded with pinky-purple buds, which unfurl themselves in late spring and early summer to reveal double flowerheads that are stunning for both the eyes and the nostrils. Indeed, the deep blue lilac bloom is so heavily perfumed that you can even take cuttings to place around the home, and your household will be filled with a wonderful fragrance for days at a time. Depending upon the specific cultivar you choose, this blue flowering lilac can reach a maximum height of up to 4m in tree form, though it will obviously remain shorter as a shrub. The species isn’t a fan of acidic soil, but other than that, it’s a very low-maintenance, high-reward choice for a low hedge, mixed flower bed or even indoor display. It’ll do well facing any aspect, but if planting in a spot that’s particularly susceptible to full sun, remember to mulch it occasionally to retain some moisture for the roots. 5) Rose Of Sharon ‘Blue Chiffon’ BOTANICAL NAME: Hibiscus syriacus HARDINESS RATING: H5 FLOWERING MONTHS: JULY – SEPTEMBER Otherwise known as Blue Chiffon, this eye-catching hibiscus is a medium-sized deciduous shrub with palmately lobed leaves, its points spreading out from the stem liked fingers on a hand. Every year, the foliage serves as background to beautiful pale-blue blooms with layer upon layer of papery petals, the outermost bearing a purplish stain at their centre. Indeed, it’s the layering of those petals which give the Blue Rose its alternative moniker; the flower itself resembles a pile of ruffled chiffon. It’s a reliable shrub that has been awarded the RHS Award of Garden Merit, meaning you know you’re getting a quality plant when you settle upon it as part of your floral garden display. Growing up to a maximum of 2m in height, the hibiscus serves equally well as a standalone plant or as a low hedge as it does in tandem with other shrubs around it. It loves the sun but prefers shelter from the wind, while it requires little maintenance other than trimming back to keep it from encroaching on surrounding species. 6) California Lilac BOTANICAL NAME: CEANOTHUS HARDINESS RATING: H4 FLOWERING MONTHS: JUNE – OCTOBER Ceanothus are arguably the most impressive and instantly recognisable of all blue-flowering shrubs, coming in both deciduous and evergreen varieties. Indeed, there are so many different strains available that you can even select whether you’d prefer a spring, summer or late-blooming addition to your garden, offering maximum flexibility in your options. Whichever variety you choose, you’re guaranteed to enjoy a sea of colour when the shrub is in full bloom, with its dense foliage carpeted in blossoms of its characteristic blue (although pink and white flowering alternatives are available). They look particularly impressive when trained against a south-facing fence or wall, but can also serve as low hedges or border plants. This species can be prone to flowering profusely one year, then producing nothing the next. To avoid that problem, remove the blooms after they have lost their vibrancy but before the seeds begin to form. You can also instigate more growth by clipping back those stems which have already flowered more than once. 7) Chinese Wisteria BOTANICAL NAME: Wisteria sinensis HARDINESS RATING: H6 FLOWERING MONTHS: MAY – JUNE Unlike all of the other plants mentioned on this list, Chinese wisteria won’t necessarily be confined to your garden. As a prolific climbing shrub, wisteria can completely transform the exterior of your home, trailing up around doors and windows and adding a spectacular aesthetic to your building’s façade. It is characterised by blue, purple or pink drooping blooms each year. When choosing a wisteria specimen to introduce into your garden, ensure that you get one that has been bred by grafting rather than from seed, since the latter variety can take decades to produce flowers. Grafted wisteria is immediately discernible by the bulbous growth at the base of its stem, while all varieties of this breathtaking climber demand plenty of sunshine. For best results, position the plant against a sturdy wall and fix wires in place across it to train the new growth. You can plant the wisteria in a pot, but it’ll do much better in the earth itself, while a fully mature specimen can swell to the size of a small tree trunk, so ensure the surface that you plan to train it against is stable and can support its weight as it grows. Prune twice a year, in January and July, to ensure that the wisteria follows the path you have laid out for it. 8) Clematis ‘Dutch Sky’ BOTANICAL NAME: Clematis viticella HARDINESS RATING: H6 FLOWERING MONTHS: MAY – SEPTEMBER Clematis is another climbing shrub, and though it might not produce as jaw-dropping results as wisteria, its faint blue flowers which subtly slide into a darker hue at the tips are a pleasing sight in themselves. The blooms will occur between June and September and produce plentiful blossoms without fail each year, ensuring the wall, fence or other greenery they adorn enjoys a boost of colour. Despite their name, the sky isn’t the limit for ‘Dutch Sky’ plants – they rarely reach a height in excess of two metres, but their spread can exceed one metre comfortably. Plant them in any type of fertile soil which enjoys good ventilation and ensure they receive at least partial exposure to sun and you’ll have no problems whatsoever with this low-maintenance climbing shrub. They’re also not as structurally demanding as wisteria, meaning they can be trained to climb trees, shrubs and other plants in the vicinity, as Master Horticulturist Colin Skelly shares: “I use Clematis viticella a lot in my gardening, wheter that’s up walls, on trellises, over pergolas, up trees and shrubs or through hedges. “It will put on a large amount of growth quickly in spring and early summer and flower on that year’s growth. “They can be pruned back to 30cm from the ground in winter or to wherever you want the growth to start from the following spring. “You can prune out stems during the growing season if it becomes vigorous.” Another variety to consider is Clematis ‘Fukuzono’, a rare Japanese strain which features incredible bluish-purple flowers at will. When planted alongside ‘Dutch Sky’, this variety will complement the subtle, pastel colours of the former with its own bold palette, creating a stunning display of climbers wherever they appear. 9) Hydrangea ‘Nikko Blue’ BOTANICAL NAME: Hydrangea macrophylla HARDINESS RATING: H5 FLOWERING MONTHS: AUGUST – SEPTEMBER Nikko Blue is remarkable for the rounded globes of its flowerheads, in which individual blossoms group together to create a mophead effect of metallic blue. As such, it’s an excellent cut flower in its own right and will work exceptionally well as a hedge or border plant. In fact, the sharp contrast between its vibrant flowers and lush foliage make it versatile for planting anywhere you wish. Aside from its attractive floral display, another strong selling point of Nikko Blue is its fast-growing properties. In just two or three years, a seedling plant can reach its full height of over 1.5m, providing a convenient screen to create privacy without having to sacrifice on aesthetic impression – or wait forever and a day for the plant to provide adequate cover. Like most hydrangeas, Nikko Blue likes partial sun and moist terrain that enjoys good drainage. It should be protected from the worst ravages of the wind – especially as a younger specimen – but once established, it will require very little in the way of any maintenance whatsoever, except for perhaps the occasional pruning to keep it in shape. You might need to undertake some efforts to keep your hydrangea blue, but we think it’s well worth the spectacle! 10) Russian Sage BOTANICAL NAME: Perovskia atriplicifolia HARDINESS RATING: H5 FLOWERING MONTHS: AUGUST – SEPTEMBER Characterised by dense tangles of thin, grey-green stems dotted with blue or lavender flowerheads, Russian Sage can lend its environment an aura of weightlessness and calm. It will bloom slightly later in the year than some other options and hold its blossoms well into autumn, making it a great choice if you wish to prolong the displays in your garden. It’s beautiful but austere aesthetic means it may work best when planted in a gravel garden or as part of a herbaceous border. Its blooms also attract plenty of bees, butterflies and other pollinators, meaning that it can enhance biodiversity, especially when planted among complementary shrubs which do the same. One of the hardiest plants on this list, Russian Sage is all but impervious to droughts and pests, though it does prefer full sun and may require protection in colder parts of the UK during winter. It can grow to over a metre in height and may require support if cultivated individually; alternatively, you can plant it in batches to provide mutual support. Careful pruning should be conducted once a year in early spring to prevent floppy growth later in the year.
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Horticulturists Recommend These Colourful Shrubs For Shaded Areas
IN THIS GUIDE 1) Azalea 2) Buddleja 3) Camellia 4) Chaenomeles 5) Cornus 6) Daphne 7) Hydrangea 8) Magnolia 9) Pieris 10) Rhododendron 11) Sarcococca 12) Skimmia 13) Viburnum 14) Weigela References Flowering shrubs can bring a splash of much-needed colour to a dark and shaded area of your garden. Shady gardens are an increasingly common phenomenon around the UK, especially in towns and cities. If that sounds familiar, don’t fret. There are many varieties of flowering shrubs that positively thrive in full or partial shade, adding a dollop of lush foliage and a dazzle of bright blooms to a part of your garden which might otherwise suffer from a lacklustre aesthetic. Indeed, the options available to you are so plentiful that you’re simply spoiled for choice, but the following list (in alphabetical order) of our favourite flowering shrubs for shade can give you some inspiration when it comes to planning out a shady display. 1) Azalea COMMON NAME(S): AZALEA HARDINESS RATING: H6 PREFERRED SUNLIGHT: FULL SUN / PART SHADE FLOWERING PERIOD: SPRING RECOMMENDED VARIETIES: ‘ENCORE’, ‘CHERRY DROP’, ‘KIRIM’ Azaleas belong to the Rhododendron family, but generally speaking, the former are a smaller beast than their more expansive counterparts, with finer foliage and slower-growing habits. Azaleas are demanding when it comes to the acidity of the soil, but otherwise they’ll bloom impressively in partial shade. There are two types of azaleas, evergreen and deciduous, both of which are extremely hardy and easy to maintain once established. Simply mulch them each spring in order to give their roots an extra helping hand and marvel at the floral extravaganza they put on for you every year. Some double-blooming varieties, the aptly named Azalea ‘Encore’ is a notable case in point, will even repeat the trick once again in autumn. 2) Buddleja COMMON NAME(S): BUTTERFLY BUSH HARDINESS RATING: H6 PREFERRED SUNLIGHT: FULL SUN / PART SHADE FLOWERING PERIOD: SUMMER / AUTUMN RECOMMENDED VARIETIES: ‘BLACK KNIGHT’, ‘SANTANA’ This hardy shrub grows just about anywhere in the UK, from abandoned wastelands to immaculate country gardens. Although it prefers full sunlight, it’ll do just fine in partial shade and its abundant blooms (which last all season long) add cones of colour to the darker parts of your garden. It’s often colloquially known as a butterfly bush and you can expect to see plenty of these captivating creatures fluttering around it during the warmer months.1 It’s great for other pollinators too, making it ideal for boosting biodiversity in your garden. 3) Camellia COMMON NAME(S): CAMELLIA HARDINESS RATING: H5 PREFERRED SUNLIGHT: FULL / PART SHADE FLOWERING PERIOD: SPRING RECOMMENDED VARIETIES: ‘EXIMIA’, ‘DEBBIE’, ‘LUCINDA’ With glossy evergreen foliage and big, beautiful flowers that bloom in the late winter and early spring, camellias can be the forerunner you need to inject some vibrancy into your home after the colder months. They do best in partially shaded locations that are protected from strong gusts of wind. Although C. japonica is by far the most common variety of camellia in the UK, other strains such as C. x williamsii can be hardier and produce longer-lasting floral displays. Having said that, most camellia varieties are durable enough to look after themselves once established. 4) Chaenomeles COMMON NAME(S): JAPANESE QUINCE HARDINESS RATING: H6 PREFERRED SUNLIGHT: FULL SUN / PART SHADE FLOWERING PERIOD: SPRING RECOMMENDED VARIETIES: ‘WHITICE’, ‘SARGENTII’, ‘NIVALIS’ Otherwise known as Japanese quince, Chaenomeles japonica is an incredibly undemanding shrub to grow. Stick it in the shade, plonk it in substandard soil, train it to climb a fence or wall – the intrepid Chaenomeles is always up to the task. When early spring rolls around, Chaenomeles is a real sight to behold. Its wiry branches become studded with brilliant pockets of bright orange flowers, making it look like the whole bush is aflame. As the year rolls on, the flowers will eventually mature into greenish-yellow quinces, which can then be harvested and converted into an exquisite jelly. What’s not to like? 5) Cornus COMMON NAME(S): DOGWOOD HARDINESS RATING: H7 PREFERRED SUNLIGHT: FULL SUN / PART SHADE FLOWERING PERIOD: SPRING / SUMMER RECOMMENDED VARIETIES: ‘MAS’, ‘CHINA GIRL’, ‘ANNY’S WINTER ORANGE’ There are a wide variety of different Cornus shrubs; some are grown for the bright red brilliance of their winter stems alone, but there are plenty of flowering species to choose from, too. All of the above will do well in partial or even full shade but prefer fertile, well-drained soil that is rich in nutrients, and regular mulching can help with this. C. mas is a particularly popular variety of Cornus, delivering fragile yellow petals on its dense undergrowth. The floral blooms generally appear in late winter, while red fruits (Cornellian cherries) spring forth in late summer. 6) Daphne COMMON NAME(S): DAPHNE HARDINESS RATING: H4 PREFERRED SUNLIGHT: FULL SUN / PART SHADE FLOWERING PERIOD: WINTER / SPRING RECOMMENDED VARIETIES: ‘EXIMIA’, ‘NAKAFU’ In total, there are around 70 different types of Daphne, several of which are grown in the UK. With a variety of sizes, flowering calendars and floral blooms to choose from, you have plenty of options when it comes to tailoring the shrub to your garden’s requirements. Whichever strain you opt for, Daphnes inevitably perform best in partial shade and neutral, well-drained soil that maintains moisture without becoming waterlogged. They also don’t take kindly to being relocated, so choose your spot wisely. Once you do, however, you’ll be blessed with gorgeous blooms that are pleasing on both the eyes and the nostrils. 7) Hydrangea COMMON NAME(S): HYDRANGEA HARDINESS RATING: H5 PREFERRED SUNLIGHT: FULL SUN / PART SHADE FLOWERING PERIOD: SUMMER RECOMMENDED VARIETIES: ‘ANOMALA’, ‘PANICULATA’ There is an abundance of hydrangea species available in the UK, many of which have only been introduced in recent years. Some of those modern strains can offer longer floral blooms, a second flowering spell later in the year or even flowers which change colour as they mature. Whichever species you plump for, you’ll find them incredibly easy to grow, thriving in either full sun, full shade or anything in between, and climbing varieties can easily be trained to scale a wall or fence. “There are a variety of Hydrangeas to consider,” explains Master Horticulturist Colin Skelly. “The most common garden Hydrangea, H. macrophylla, will thrive in full shade and its flowers will light up a shady area from late summer to early winter.” Just be sure to plant them in moist soil, leave the seedheads on the plant over winter to protect the buds below, then prune them come spring and you can’t go wrong. 8) Magnolia COMMON NAME(S): MAGNOLIA HARDINESS RATING: H6 PREFERRED SUNLIGHT: FULL SUN / PART SHADE FLOWERING PERIOD: SPRING RECOMMENDED VARIETIES: ‘RUTH’, ‘HOT LIPS’, ‘MILKY WAY’ Although magnolias will perform best in full sun, they’ll still thrive in partial shade as long as they’re protected from the ravages of the wind. It’s for this reason that they’re often grown alongside walls and fences, in order to provide a shield against the elements and support for their drooping stalks. While they might take a little more coaxing into blossom than some of the other options on this list, they’re well worth the effort. In fact, their delicate and waxy flowers might be among the most eye-catching of all flowering shrubs, so taking the time to ensure magnolias have the conditions they need to come to maturity pays off dividends in the spring and summer. Expect the flowers in early summer, but verdant foliage the whole year round. 9) Pieris COMMON NAME(S): PIERIS HARDINESS RATING: H5 PREFERRED SUNLIGHT: FULL SUN / PART SHADE FLOWERING PERIOD: WINTER / SPRING RECOMMENDED VARIETIES: ‘FOREST FLAME’, ‘BLUSH’, ‘PRELUDE’ Pieris is one of the more ostentatious shade-tolerant shrubs out there. Its foliage will shoot forth new growth of a vivid red in spring, mellowing to subtler tones of pink in the summer, before settling into its customary green later in the year. It can handle semi-shade well and tolerates most soil types, but it flourishes best in acidic terrain. As for its blooms, the foliage of Pieris is complemented beautifully by masses of slender bell-shaped flowers in spring, normally white in colour. 10) Rhododendron COMMON NAME(S): RHODODENDRON HARDINESS RATING: H4 PREFERRED SUNLIGHT: PART SHADE FLOWERING PERIOD: SPRING RECOMMENDED VARIETIES: ‘BLUE PETER’, ‘CYNTHIA’, ‘MARKEETA’S PRIZE’ Rhododendrons are most commonly found in the wild among woodland areas, which means they enjoy the dappled shade that tree canopies provide. Replicating those conditions as closely as you can in your own garden will lead to the best results, although any partially shady spot will serve them well. Avoid full sun or full shade. Rhododendron is a genus encompassing many plants, including the aforementioned azaleas, meaning you should be able to find a variety which suits your desired colour palette.2 Whichever one you opt for, you’re guaranteed a head-turning display of blossoms in the late spring and large, leafy foliage all year round. 11) Sarcococca COMMON NAME(S): SWEET BOX / CHRISTMAS BOX HARDINESS RATING: H5 PREFERRED SUNLIGHT: FULL / PART SHADE FLOWERING PERIOD: WINTER RECOMMENDED VARIETIES: ‘PURPLE STEM’, ‘DRAGON GATE’ This compact, bushy shrub produces leathery green leaves, tiny white flowerheads and chunky blackberries. They thrive in full or partial shade and cope well in all well-drained but still moist types of soil, delivering their fragrant blossoms each winter and their fruit in summer. Sarcococca confusa (otherwise known as ‘Christmas box’ or ‘sweet box’) is an ideal pick for a sheltered corner of the garden, but plenty of other cultivars will do equally as well. S. ruscifolia is an even more space-efficient option if your garden dimensions are on the smaller side, while S. hookeriana has a lovely scent to its flowers. 12) Skimmia COMMON NAME(S): JAPANESE SKIMMIA HARDINESS RATING: H5 PREFERRED SUNLIGHT: PART SHADE FLOWERING PERIOD: SPRING RECOMMENDED VARIETIES: ‘RUBELLA’, ‘FRAGRANS’ Boxy shrubs native to China, Japan and the lower reaches of the Himalayan mountain range, skimmia generally grow to around 1m in height with the same spread, making them an ideal choice for cosier garden environments.3 Plant them at regular intervals and you can even create a bespoke hedge, fit for purpose. They’re most commonly grown for their impressive foliage, though pollinated females will produce red berries and both genders feature attractive clusters of white flowers, budding in late autumn and blossoming in spring. They thrive best in acidic soil, but will fare well in almost all soil types and require little in the way of maintenance throughout the year. 13) Viburnum COMMON NAME(S): VIBURNUM HARDINESS RATING: H5 PREFERRED SUNLIGHT: ANY FLOWERING PERIOD: SPRING RECOMMENDED VARIETIES: ‘DAVIDII’, ‘EVE PRICE’, ‘ESKIMO’ The viburnum family are a very diverse bunch. Choose between deciduous and evergreen varieties, those which flower in spring or summer and those which blossom in the colder months, and berry-bearing strains and sun- or shade-loving species. For providing variety and year-round floral extravagance, a mixture of viburnum never disappoints. For a British native, check out V. opulus, which thrives in all types of sun exposure and isn’t fussy about the soil it inhabits. Meanwhile, those searching for a cultivar that delivers evergreen colour and picturesque florets of miniature flowers should try V. davidii. This latter variety has a whole host of different subspecies, several of which handle partial shade without a problem. 14) Weigela COMMON NAME(S): WEIGELA HARDINESS RATING: H6 PREFERRED SUNLIGHT: ANY FLOWERING PERIOD: SPRING / SUMMER RECOMMENDED VARIETIES: ‘VARIEGATA’, ‘RED PRINCE’, ‘ROSEA’ Hardy, compact and easy to grow, it’s easy to see why weigelas are a popular option for borders, flower beds or standalone containers. The exquisite pinks, reds and whites of their blossoms make them a sight to behold wherever they’re planted and with a number of strains to choose from, you can mix and match to create a multi-coloured floral collage in your garden. Their diminutive dimensions mean they’ll fit snugly into any spot you select for them, while their capacity to do well in partial shade is ideal for anyone who doesn’t enjoy the luxury of an expansive south-facing garden. Some varieties are more tolerant of shade than others, however, so be sure to check the label carefully – W. florida ‘Variegata’ and ‘Foliis Purpureis’ are two cultivars that generally do well in less sunny spots. References 1. Young, M., Bullock, A., & Brookes, A. (2016). Butterflies & Moths: Three members of Butterfly Conservation give their views on the best Buddleja for butterflies. The Buddleja National Collection. Retrieved March 15, 2023, from https://www.buddlejacollection.com/butterflies-moths/ 2. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2023d, February 20). Rhododendron. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved March 15, 2023, from https://www.britannica.com/plant/rhododendron 3. Skimmia japonica (Japanese Skimmia). (n.d.). North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. Retrieved March 15, 2023, from https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/skimmia-japonica/
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Sue Hunter On Pruning Holly: Be Selective With Young Plants; Use Hat-Racking For Older Ones
IN THIS GUIDE Why Prune Holly? When To Prune Holly How To Prune Holly How Far Can You Cut Holly Back? What To Keep In Mind What About Holly In Containers? Left to their own devices, most holly varieties will grow into a large tree shape. The maximum height will vary between varieties, with some able to reach fifteen metres or more. Prune it, however, and you can sculpt your holly tree into completely different shapes. Whether a boxed hedge or something approaching a topiary, holly lends itself well to being shaped and pruned. Why Prune Holly? Holly, left alone, will grow into a traditional tree shape “Holly is versatile in the garden and landscape – there is a species of holly for every situation,” claims Sue Hunter – President of the Holly Society of America. This versatility also extends to their pruning needs. Some holly varieties grow to over fifteen metres high, meaning that they become quickly unruly – especially if they’re in an area of your garden where a giant tree won’t fit with the aesthetic. Pruning is a great way to keep your tree in check, and to force its natural tendencies to comply with your aesthetic demands. Doing this properly won’t damage the plant, so make sure to read the following sections carefully. They’ll teach you what you need to know to keep your holly under control without causing any damage. When To Prune Holly Deciding when to prune comes down to finding the balance between convenience and the plant’s stage in its lifecycle. The consensus is that late spring, around April, is the best time, as the plant is most receptive to pruning, and the outdoor conditions are conducive to the job. “Winter berries will also have been eaten by birds by this time, so leaving pruning until the spring will help them,” adds Roy Nicol, a Master Horticulturist. Pruning too late in the year can increase the risk of new shoots being young when the first frosts hit, leading to stunted ongoing growth. Although it’s undeniably festive, pruning in these conditions is best avoided Pruning too early means you have to spend hours out in the cold fighting with a spiky bush, which isn’t our idea of fun. “Besides, the same issue arises where new growth is damaged by late frosts and sets the plant back at the start of the new season,” Roy says. Beyond those constrictions, you have a lot of flexibility with timing, but spring is favourite. How To Prune Holly Now you’ve got an idea of the best time to prune a holly tree, you need to know how to do it. There’s a little more to it than taking secateurs to the plant and going wild: you want to prune in a way that encourages new growth while respecting old growth, and avoiding damage to either. The received wisdom is to prune stems rather than leaves, and to do this as close to a flowering bud as possible. Doing so will encourage the bud to grow, and is the quickest way to facilitate new growth on your holly tree. Bear in mind that, according to Sue, pruning holly with shears is not always to best idea: “Over time, shearing causes irregular growth within the branching structure of the plant which causes dieback from the inside out.” How Far Can You Cut Holly Back? “Younger hollies respond well to selective pruning as they grow, whilst old, established hollies respond well to a more drastic type of pruning called ‘hat-racking’,” explains Sue. “Hat-racking is where most of the branches are reduced to one-third to one-half their original size and it is almost always performed during the winter dormancy.” Theoretically, you can prune back very hard, although bear in mind that the stems on the inner part of the tree may have much less growth than the outer ones. This is because, over time, they’ll have received less sunlight than the outer branches, meaning fewer buds and fewer leaves. So, if you’re pruning back hard, you may encounter parts of the tree with relatively small amounts of growth. If these formerly inner branches become outer ones on your newly-pruned configuration, the tree may look more barren and bare than it did before. This isn’t necessarily a problem, as these branches will start to put forth buds and leaves over time. You just have to accept that your holly tree may not look as healthy as it once did. “It can take two growing seasons for a Holly which has been hard-pruned to cover itself in foliage again, but it’s worth the wait, as the shrub will then be the desired shape and size and can be selectively pruned more regularly to keep it that way,” adds Roy. What To Keep In Mind Most holly is sharp! If you’ve ever trodden barefoot on a dried holly leaf, you’ll know just how painful their spikes can be. And obviously taking pair of secateurs to your holly tree involves putting your hands, arms, and even face very close to their treacherous barbs. When pruning holly, make sure to wear the relevant gear. This obviously includes thick gloves, but we recommend wearing long sleeves and long trousers, too. Some gardeners advise wearing goggles when pruning holly, too. This may seem excessive, and you might feel like a bit of a wally heading into the garden in full protective clothing, but avoiding a spike in the eye is worth the risk to your street cred! Of course, if you’re growing a variety like Golden King whose leaves are wonderfully smooth, you can probably leave the riot gear indoors. What About Holly In Containers? One of the appealing things about holly is that it grows well in containers, making it a great ornamental plant for balconies, patios, and even indoor settings. Growing holly in containers requires more pruning, however, so don’t put those gloves away just yet. When growing holly in a container you’ll want to prune it annually at first, gradually switching to twice a year in most cases once the plant is ready for it. And you’ll know when it’s ready, as it will take two prunes a year to keep it in the condition that one used to take.
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Bougainvillea To Weigela: Here's 20 Marvellous Shrubs With Pink Flowers
IN THIS GUIDE 1) Rose 2) Bougainvillea 3) Sandcherry 4) Azalea 5) Hydrangea 6) Lilac 7) Buddleja 8) Clematis 9) Winter Heather 10) Magnolia loebneri 11) Rhododendron ‘Dreamland’ 12) Loropetalum chinense 13) Judas Tree 14) Chaenomeles 15) Daphne 16) Weigela 17) Hibiscus 18) Elder 19) Deutzia 20) Pink Forsythia Tickled Pink References Pink needs no introduction. It’s easy to see why a gardener would want to bring as much of this colour into their garden as possible. It’s the colour most often associated with such traits as charm, sweetness, romance, politeness, femininity, and more – and the natural world is replete with stunningly beautiful pink bloom.1 “Pink is a hugely popular flower colour for gardens,” shares Master Horticulturist Colin Skelly. “It can harmonise with reds and purples or contrast with green, yellows or light blues, giving the option to utilise foliage colour in a contrasting scheme.” We’ve written this guide to help you find the best shrubs with pink flowers. After reading, you’ll have a list of candidates to bring this iconic colour to your garden with vigour. Each of the shrubs below will grow comfortably in British gardens. Some have received the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit, too, indicating particular suitability to our climate. We’ll mark these shrubs throughout the piece.2 Now, let’s begin. The best shrubs with pink flowers to grow in the UK: 1) Rose BOTANICAL NAME: ROSA HARDINESS RATING: H6 SIZE: 1.5 X 1M RECOMMENDED PINK VARIETIES: ‘Gertrude Jekyll’, the Damask rose, ‘Princess Alexandra of Kent’, ‘Frantasia’, apothecary’s rose Roses are one of the world’s favourite flowers. They make a fine addition to any garden, and a healthy rose bush is often something of a feather in a gardener’s cap. This flower comes in all shapes and sizes, too. There are ground-cover roses, rambler roses, climbing roses, “roses with exceptional fragrance” and, of most interest here, shrub roses. While each variety of rose has its own in-depth history and rich story to tell, we can’t go into that here. What we can say is that within the shrub rose category you’ll find plenty of proudly-pink options, including ‘Gertrude Jekyll’, ‘Princess Alexandra of Kent’, ‘Frantasia’, Apothecary’s Rose and more. 2) Bougainvillea BOTANICAL NAME: BOUGAINVILLEA HARDINESS RATING: H2 SIZE: 1.5 X 8M RECOMMENDED PINK VARIETIES: ‘Elizabeth Angus’, ‘Don Mario’, ‘Temple Fire’, ‘Miami Pink’, ‘Gloucester Royal’ Although native to South America, bougainvillea has made a big impact since its arrival on British shores. The distinctly-summery blooms seem to spill forth, throwing many different shades of pink into whichever room or garden they’re planted in. This shrub flowers in summer and autumn, and will grow to a fairly respectable size of 4-8m high by 1-1.5m wide. Bougainvillea will thrive best in sun, with shelter from the harvest summer rays. In terms of hardiness, you can grow it outside in summer. Bougainvillea is regarded as a fairly fussy plant to grow, however, so it may not be ideal for fledgeling gardeners. 3) Sandcherry BOTANICAL NAME: Prunus × cistena HARDINESS RATING: H6 SIZE: 1.5 X 1.5M RECOMMENDED PINK VARIETIES: ‘Crimson Dwarf’ With rich pink-red leaves and delicate white-pink flowers, it’s almost possible to not count sandcherry as pink. But when taking the average of the overall picture, pink does shine through. We’ve included this shrub because of its distinct colour profile, and because of the beautiful flowers that will spring forth in spring. As a recipient of the RHS Award of Garden Merit, sandcherry is more a welcoming prospect for newer gardeners than bougainvillaea. The plant will do well in full sun or partial shade, will tolerate any aspect, and can make do either exposed or sheltered. It’s not fussy with soil, either, favouring chalk, clay, loam, or sand. As long as you don’t over-water, you should have few problems with sandcherry. It’ll grow to a height and spread of about 1-1.5m over a timespan of 10-20 years. A long wait, to be sure, but remember it will be beautiful throughout! 4) Azalea BOTANICAL NAME: AZALEA HARDINESS RATING: H6 SIZE: 2.5 X 2.5M RECOMMENDED PINK VARIETIES: Swamp Azalea Just like the humble orange, azalea is named after its colour. Or is it the other way round..? As with the rose, there are many pink varieties of azalea that will make an impact in your garden—from the subtle pink-white swamp azalea, sporting its star-shaped flowers and nectar-covered tendrils, through to the rich pink rose-flowered “Amoenum”. 5) Hydrangea BOTANICAL NAME: HYDRANGEA HARDINESS RATING: H6 SIZE: 1.5 X 1.5M RECOMMENDED PINK VARIETIES: ‘Magical Colourdream’, ‘Salsa Pink’, ‘Red Bull’, ‘Beni-Gaku’ The hydrangea is a fascinating flower. While varieties come in many colours, those with pink or blue leaves change colour depending on the acidity of the soil they’re planted in! Generally, acidic soil puts forth blue flowers, neutral gives mauve, and alkali soil gives pink. This means that if you’re looking for a pink hydrangea shrub for your garden, you’ll want to take special care that your soil acidity levels are correct. For a surefire burst of pink, look for the ‘Magical Colourdream’ variety, which will grow to 1.5 x 1.5m over a period of 5-10 years. It’ll do well in partial shade, facing any direction except south, and prefers clay or loam soils. Your bright pink bouquet will be forthcoming in summer. Remember there are many other varieties, however. 6) Lilac BOTANICAL NAME: SYRINGA HARDINESS RATING: H6 SIZE: 2.5 X 1.5M RECOMMENDED PINK VARIETIES: ‘Pink Perfume’, ‘Red Pixie’, ‘Belle De Nancy’, ‘Dark Purple’ While lilacs are famously purple, some varieties pack a pink punch. Amongst them is lilac ‘Pink Perfume’, whose pink flowers stay in bloom from spring through to autumn. This isn’t a plant for gardeners in a rush: It’ll take between 10 and 20 years to reach full size. Once there, though, it demands your attention. Expect a height of up to 2.5m, and a spread of up to 1.5. The ‘Pink Perfume’ lilac is hardy down to -20°C, practically guaranteeing survival in UK gardens. It enjoys full sun, any aspect except north-facing, and isn’t fussy on soil composition (it won’t enjoy acidic soil, though!) 7) Buddleja BOTANICAL NAME: BUDDLEJA HARDINESS RATING: H5 SIZE: 2.5 X 2.5M RECOMMENDED PINK VARIETIES: ‘Fascinating’, ‘Pink Delight’, ‘Hot Raspberry’, ‘Sugar Plum’ There are many types of buddleja, and not all of them are pink. The ones that are pink, though, look phenomenal. One such variety is buddleja davidii Fascinating, which sports bushels of bright pink flowers from July to September, and grows to a height of up to 2.5m. The plant thrives in sunlight, likes well-drained soil, and is renowned for attracting butterflies and other pollinators. A word of caution if you go for buddleja: This plant needs a lot of pruning! Left to its own devices, it can become fairly unruly. 8) Clematis BOTANICAL NAME: CLEMATIS HARDINESS RATING: H6 SIZE: 2.5 X 1M RECOMMENDED PINK VARIETIES: ‘Nelly Moser’, ‘Abundance’, ‘Pink Champagne’, ‘Pink Fantasy’ The flowers of the ‘Nelly Moser’ Clematis variety are a sight to behold. The petals burst forth from a centre filled with dark red tendrils, and each has a bold core of dark pink that fades gracefully into white. This type of shrub can also be trained to climb walls and other vertical surfaces, opening up a range of options for your garden. Reaching a full height of up to a whopping 2.5m, and a width of about 1m, Clematis will be a significant presence in your garden. It enjoys partial sun, well-drained soil, and can thrive down to -15°C. 9) Winter Heather BOTANICAL NAME: ERICA CARNEA HARDINESS RATING: H6 SIZE: 0.5 X 0.5M RECOMMENDED PINK VARIETIES: ‘Pink Spangles’, ‘Rosalie’ Heathers come in a wide variety of colours, but the pink ones are perhaps most iconic. Originally hailing from the Alpine mountains, heather has now become commonplace in UK gardens. This is because it’s attractive, fairly easy to grow, and not too fussy in terms of soil conditions. To grow heather in your garden you’ll need a sunny location with peaty, well-drained soil. As with clematis, heather will do just fine down to about -15°C. Heather’s pink bloom comes out earlier in the year than other shrubs in our list, meaning you can combine it with other plants to keep a pink theme going in your garden for even longer. These flowers will usually bloom from January to April, all being well. 10) Magnolia loebneri HARDINESS RATING: H6 SIZE: 8 X 8M If you’re looking for flowers with an intriguing shape, then look no further. Magnolia’s starry two-tone petals – bright pink on the bottom, light pink on top – really make a statement. This plant likes a sunny spot with well-drained soil, and is in the same hardiness category as the previous two. It’ll bloom from April to May which, while short, pairs nicely with winter heather to provide pink foliage in your garden from January. Over a period of 20+ years, magnolia loebneri will grow to a maximum size of about 8m square. 11) Rhododendron ‘Dreamland’ BOTANICAL NAME: Rhododendron ‘Dreamland’ HARDINESS RATING: H5 SIZE: 1.5 X 1M What a whimsical name! This plant’s delicate pink definitely evokes something dreamlike, and it’s not hard to see why it’s a firm favourite in British gardens. While many shrubs in our list have vibrant, bright pink flowers, the R. ‘Dreamland’ offers something a lot more gentle. This pink is calm and mellow, able to make a statement of its own without relying on boldness. R. ‘Dreamland’ flowers from May to June, continuing the January – May chain that heather and magnolia manage. It’s just as hardy and prefers to grow in a spot with partial sun and peaty soil. The maximum size you’re likely to get for your shrub is a metre squared. 12) Loropetalum chinense HARDINESS RATING: H4 SIZE: 2.5 X 2.5M RECOMMENDED PINK VARIETIES: ‘Fire Dance’, ‘Burgundy’ This shrub’s hearty pink tones are something special, occupying a part of the pink spectrum that not many other plants can pull off. Combined with their slightly grey-green leaves, the overall aesthetic is a treat to behold. Lorepetalum likes partial sun and peaty soil, and will flower between March and April. Quite a short window, but that’s more than made up for by the vibrancy and aesthetically pleasing colour palette. 13) Judas Tree BOTANICAL NAME: Cercis siliquastrum HARDINESS RATING: H5 SIZE: 8 X 12M Some plants have names that invite more questions than they answer, and ‘Judas tree’ is a fine example. While we’re not able to elucidate you on the origins of the name, we can assure you that the beautiful clusters of pink flowers will bring joy to your garden every time they bloom. This plant will do well in sun or partial shade, and isn’t fussed at all by soil type. It’ll reach a whopping 3m tall and 1.5m wide over ten years. (Also, the observant amongst you may have noticed that the Judas tree is just that. A tree. We’ve included it in our list of pink shrubs because it’ll make a fine addition to any garden which heavily features pink.) 14) Chaenomeles BOTANICAL NAME: Chaenomeles HARDINESS RATING: H6 SIZE: 2.5 X 4M RECOMMENDED PINK VARIETIES: ‘Pink Storm’, ‘Pink Lady’ 15) Daphne BOTANICAL NAME: DAPHNE HARDINESS RATING: H4 SIZE: 1.5 X 1.5M RECOMMENDED PINK VARIETIES: ‘Odora’, ‘Pink Fragrance’ 16) Weigela BOTANICAL NAME: WEIGELA HARDINESS RATING: H6 SIZE: 0.5 X 0.5M RECOMMENDED PINK VARIETIES: ‘Pink Poppet’, ‘Sonic Bloom’, ‘Snippet Dark Pink’ 17) Hibiscus BOTANICAL NAME: HIBISCUS HARDINESS RATING: H5 SIZE: 2.5 X 1.5M RECOMMENDED PINK VARIETIES: ‘CHIFFON PINK’, ‘PINK GIANT’ 18) Elder BOTANICAL NAME: SAMBUCUS NIGRA HARDINESS RATING: H6 SIZE: 8 X 4M 19) Deutzia BOTANICAL NAME: DEUTZIA HARDINESS RATING: H5 SIZE: 1 X 1M RECOMMENDED PINK VARIETIES: ‘YUKI CHERRY’, ‘STRAWBERRY FIELDS’, ‘PERLE ROSE’ 20) Pink Forsythia BOTANICAL NAME: Abeliophyllum HARDINESS RATING: H6 SIZE: 1.5 X 2.5M RECOMMENDED PINK VARIETIES: ‘Roseum’ Tickled Pink Pink is one of our favourite colours to see in a garden. We think that the shades and tones that Mother Nature creates are so much more beautiful than anything man-made, and that you’d be remiss not to incorporate at least a couple of pink shrubs into your garden. The plants in this list run the gamut of size, span, shade of pink, and season of bloom. “Also, think about the shade of pink and type of flower when combining with other flowers or foliage,” adds Colin. It’s our hope that by including a wide variety, we’ve given you the best springboard to figure out which pink plants to plant out in your backyard. And remember: This list is far from exhaustive. So if the pink shrubs in our list don’t tickle your fancy, keep looking! There’s bound to be something out there that suits your personality, your budget, and your garden space. As always, happy gardening! References 1. Cherry, K. (2022, November 14). The Color Psychology of Pink. Verywell Mind. Retrieved March 24, 2023, from https://www.verywellmind.com/the-color-psychology-of-pink-2795819 2. See RHS Award of Garden Merit (AGM) plant, fruit & veg award winners. (n.d.-b). Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved March 24, 2023, from https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/trials-awards/award-of-garden-merit
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Growing Pieris 'Forest Flame': Popular As Robust And Attractive Garden Plants
IN THIS GUIDE Overview How To Grow Pieris ‘Forest Flame’ Plant Care Common Pests References Plants in the Pieris family are evergreen shrubs, known for their ornamental foliage and their exciting red, white, and green aesthetic. They’re native to parts of Asia, North America and Cuba. Over the years, though, this plant has become a popular addition to British gardens, and it’s easy to see why: It’s attractive, it’s different, and it’s not overly fussy about where it grows. “Pieris ‘Forest Flame’ arose as a hybrid at Sunningdale Nurseries, an accident of history like many hybrids that go on to become popular cultivars,” says Master Horticulturist Colin Skelly. “‘Forest Flame’ are usually popular because they are robust and attractive garden plants.” If you’re interested in growing Pieris ‘Forest Flame’ in your garden, we’ve written this guide with you in mind. After reading, you’ll be equipped with the knowledge you need to get a Pieris ‘Forest Flame’ thriving in your garden. You’ll be able to enjoy its joyous displays of red, white, and green whenever you need a pick-me-up. Overview Botanical Name Pieris ‘Forest Flame’ Common Name(s) Pieris ‘Forest Flame’; Andromeda; Fetterbush Plant Type Shrub / Hedging Native Area North America Hardiness Rating H5 Foliage Evergreen (the young leaves are bright red; then transform from pink to green) Flowers Cream, bell-shaped When To Sow June, September Flowering Months April, May, June When To Prune March, April, June Pieris ‘forest flame’ is the common name for Pieris floribunda, one of seven types. Other species include P. cubensis, P. formosa, P. japonica, P. nana, P. phillyreifolia and P. swinhoei. While all Pieris are known for their red, white, and green, ‘Forest Flame’ is slightly darker than others. It’s a large evergreen shrub that will bring red flowers in spring, fading into pink, cream, and then green throughout the year. How To Grow Pieris ‘Forest Flame’ Pieris ‘Forest Flame’ has received the Award of Garden Merit from the Royal Horticultural Society (RHS), indicating its suitability for growth in British gardens.1 This means the plant is a great choice for budding gardeners who want something attractive and rewarding, without being too much of a challenge to grow. Growing Benefits Pieris ‘Forest Flame’ is fairly easy to grow if you cater to its needs. The plant takes between 10 and 20 years to reach its full height, which will usually clock in around 2.5-4m. In terms of spread, you should expect about 1.5-2.5m at full maturity. ‘Forest Flame’ is one of the bigger Pieris plants, meaning you may prefer a smaller variety if you’re working with a more compact garden space. This plant is a beacon for bees, and its pollen-rich flowers will attract plenty of these buzzing boys to your garden. In my opinion, this is an asset rather than a drawback: Bee populations are in decline, and they especially struggle in urban environments, meaning they need as much help as they can get! Bees won’t sting unless very provoked, and watching them go about their buzzy business is a relaxing, almost therapeutic way to spend time in your garden. When To Plant In autumn or early spring, dig a small hole in your garden about the size of the container your Pieris is growing in. Then transfer the plant across, pat down with soil, water gently, and leave to settle in. Where To Plant Pieris plants like to grow in full sun or partial shade. They’re happy with any aspect except north-facing, and prefer to be sheltered. One area where ‘Forest Flame’ is fussy, is soil pH. This plant will only thrive in acidic soil, so take special note and ensure your flowerbed contains the right type of soil. The RHS recommends this plant for borders and beds, low-maintenance banks and slopes, informal patio areas, courtyards, containers, and more. In short, it lends itself well to a wide variety of settings. Plant Care Watering Pieris ‘Forest Flame’ needs a hand to get established, and this is when you’ll be watering it most often – every week or so. Once established, the plant is much happier to do its own thing, and will only need your help during particularly dry spells. During heatwaves, drought, or just hot British summer, water regularly. Make sure not to overwater your ‘Forest Flame’ – this could end up dousing it! Soil Nutrition Adding pine needle mulch can help to keep the soil acidity low and conserve soil moisture. Common Pests There’s only a tiny handful of plants that attract zero pests, and sadly ‘Forest Flame’ isn’t one of them. This plant is prone to a few pesky visitors who can cause varying degrees of damage. Here’s what to look for and how to hopefully avoid – Pieris Lacebug This critter is so fond of Pieris, that it’s named after it. And despite only making its first UK appearance in 1998, it’s become a mainstay in our gardens ever since.2 The lacebug is easily identifiable by the delicate lacy pattern on its wings. You may notice the bugs directly, or you may see the evidence of their visit: coarse mottling, bleached yellow leaves, leaf drop, and brown spots on the leaf underside. If you suspect an infestation, try first to encourage natural predators like birds, ladybirds, and wasps. Each will be tempted to eat the lacebugs, hopefully nipping your infestation in the bud. Should pest control not work, there is a selection of pesticides available that can help. Be careful not to spray pesticides onto flowering plants, as this can cause harm to bees and pollinators that visit. Phytophthora This blight causes root rot which, as you can probably guess, wreaks havoc on plants. Once this fungal organism takes hold of a root, there’s no way to save the plant. At this stage, you have to destroy it and replace the soil to prevent further spread. Prevention, then, is the cure. You want to make sure your soil is well-drained, as phytophthora thrives in damp, water-logged soil. The symptoms are similar to those of waterlogging and drought, so it can be hard to distinguish definitively. Wilt, dieback, and fading foliage are all indicators that your plant may have a case of phytophthora. Leaf Spot Another fungal infection, this time causing brown blemishes or ‘spots’ on leaves. Again, overly moist soil is a high-risk factor, as is moisture remaining on the leaves themselves. To reduce the risk of leaf spot, water the soil rather than the entire plant. If you can’t help watering the whole plant (with a hose, for example) then do it early in the morning – this will give the leaves time to dry off throughout the day. If your ‘forest flame’ does get hit with leaf spot, you can choose to use organic treatment or harsher fungicides. Heed our earlier warning about not damaging pollinators! This is an attractive and rewarding plant that brings a veritable medley of colour to any outdoor space, and it’s easy to make it thrive in a British backyard. We wish you the best of luck with your new Pieris! References 1. Pieris “Forest Flame.” (n.d.). Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved March 22, 2023, from https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/95172/pieris-forest-flame/details 2. Pieris lacebug. (n.d.). Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved March 22, 2023, from https://www.rhs.org.uk/biodiversity/pieris-lacebug
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Growing Sambucus Nigra 'Black Lace' - 'It Took 15 Years To Get To Size, But It Was Truly Lovely'
IN THIS GUIDE Overview How To Grow ‘Black Lace’ Ongoing Care Common Problems References You’re probably more familiar with some of the plants in the Sambucus genus – plants like Black Elder, European Elder, or Elderberry. Growing Sambucus nigra in your garden guarantees a striking twist on the common elder. This plant can be a bushy shrub or small tree, and puts forth tiny jet-black fruits each autumn. “One of my favourite slow-growing trees is a Sambucus nigra,” shares Tree Expert Ben Raskin. “It took 15 years in my old garden to get to size, but when it did, it was truly lovely.” The dark leaf colour brings a whole new visual interest, and you can use the berries in the same way. The pink flowers give way to dark berries, with the whole thing underpinned by dark purple, almost black leaves. Overall, a hugely attractive plant to incorporate into your garden. Elder is a native to Europe and the Middle East, and in the UK, is commonplace in hedgerows and other wild growth areas.1 Chances are you’ve seen it plenty of times, even if you didn’t recognise it. Overview Botanical Name Sambucus nigra Common Name(s) Black Lace, Elder, Elderberry Plant Type Shrub / Fruit Native Area Europe, North Africa, South-West Asia Hardiness Rating H6 Foliage Deciduous, pinnate leaves Flowers Cream flowers followed by black berries When To Sow March, April, May, September, October, November Flowering Months June, July, August, September, October When To Prune February, March Growing as either a shrub or a tree, Elderberry is a great addition to any type of garden. The black lace cultivar is one of many types, and will grow to a full height of about 1.5-2.5m. While the other elderberry types might be of interest for UK gardeners, this guide will focus on growing and caring for Black Lace, specifically. How To Grow ‘Black Lace’ This plant is a fantastic option to grow for its visual appeal – and quite easy to care for once settled. Exposure S. nigra is a perennial that grows best in full sun exposure, with a south- or west-facing aspect. It works best in the middle or back of a border, thanks to its height. The plant is hardy, meaning it will easily survive whatever conditions a British winter throws at it, and it’s not fussy with soil composition. Planting If you’re growing S. nigra from seed, you should look to plant them directly into your garden in autumn, from September through to November. There’s no need to sprout these indoors, or to grow them in a nursery. “Sambucus seeds require a period of stratification, which is a period of cool temperature exposure before they will germinate,” says Colin Skelly, a Horticultural Consultant. “One way to do this is to plant outside, but be sure to mark where you have planted the seed and keep it weed-free. You can sow in trays outside or in cold frames as an alternative.” Just remember that growing from seed will give you a long wait for a mature plant! Another option is to grow black lace from a cutting – a semi-ripe cutting taken from a mature plant will work, with higher odds of healthy growth if taken from a plant in early maturity. Cuttings from old plants will work as well, but the success rate might be a bit lower. With a cutting, you want to take at least 10cm below a leaf node; then you need to trim the leaves so only 4-6 remain. Pop the cutting into some rooting compost, cover it with cling film or something similar, and give it a few days to take hold. Once you can see growth, they’re ready to plant out – spring is the best time to do this, the earlier the better. Where To Grow This plant isn’t high-maintenance and can thrive in loamy, sandy, clayey, or chalky soil. It likes full sun but will tolerate partial shade; in terms of aspect, it will be happy facing north, east, south, or west – again, not fussy. In terms of moisture levels, black lace likes well-drained soil with some moisture present. Ongoing Care Watering You don’t want to over-water your black lace, but you don’t want it to get too dry, either. The best course of action is to water every 7-10 days if it’s not rained, until the soil is wet to about 7-8cm deep. It’s important to make sure your black lace has the right amount of water, especially as it’s getting established. If the roots are dry for too long, they’ll suffer stress and pass on the damage to the rest of the plant. Pruning S. nigra sits firmly in the RHS’s Pruning Group 1, meaning that little to no pruning is required to keep the plant healthy.2 In fact, some plants in this category can actually be damaged from too much pruning. Black lace will tolerate light pruning to keep it close to your desired size and shape, however there’s no need to prune each season if you don’t want to. Should you decide to prune, you’re looking to remove dead or wilting leaves, shoots that are heading in directions you don’t want them to, and any areas that look particularly busy. Sambucus racemosa This will free up space and reduce competition for sunlight and nutrients, helping stronger future growth. Prune in late autumn or early spring for the best results. Also, some gardeners recommend pruning hard in spring every three years or so to encourage vigorous new growth. Common Problems Sadly, S. nigra is prone to a few malicious visitors who’d love nothing more than to feast on its tasty leaves. Here’s what to look out for and, more importantly, how to get rid of them. Blackfly These aphids form sap-sucking colonies that can wreak havoc on black lace. You’ll be able to see them with the naked eye, and once present, it’s up to you whether to tolerate small populations or remove them. At first you can just remove them with your hands, but larger infestations might require stronger measures. You can opt to introduce predator insects such as ladybirds to eat the aphids. Alternatively, as a final measure, a variety of pesticides are available that will stop blackfly in their tracks. Verticillium Wilt This fungal infection enters your S. nigra through the roots and eventually causes damage further up the plant. You might notice yellow, wilting leaves, or otherwise-unexplained branch dieback. The fungus responsible spreads via soil, so take care not to cross-contaminate soil if you know another area to be infected. Once a plant is affected by verticillium wilt there are no chemical controls to remove it, so it’s important to be vigilant: prevention is the best cure. In summary: we heartily recommend this plant – it’s got character, it’s easy to care for, and it’ll be a talking point for guests for years to come. References 1. Sambucus nigra. (n.d.). Kew Royal Botanic Gardens. Retrieved March 23, 2023, from https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30122169-2 2. Shrubs and trees: light pruning. (n.d.-c). Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved March 23, 2023, from https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/types/trees/trees-shrubs-light-pruning
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10 Incredible Acer Tree Types From The Chairman Of The Maple Society
IN THIS GUIDE Maple Society Favourites 1) A. campestre (Field Maple) 2) A. rubrum (Red Maple) 3) A. saccharum (Sugar Maple) 4) A. saccharinum (Silver Maple) 5) A. platanoides (Norway Maple) 6) A. pseudoplatanus (Sycamore) 7) A. griseum (Paperbark Maple) 8) A. palmatum 9) A. japonicum 10) A. davidii (Snake Bark Maple) References Acers are a genus of trees and shrubs commonly referred to as maples and a number of the 128 species within this group can be successfully grown in the UK.1 Many Acer species are popular as ornamental trees – prized in particular for their autumn colour. “Acers seem to be doing really well in the current climate, so I’d suggest growing one,” shares Climbing Arborist Cecily Witall. “Have a look at what is available to you and look at trees that come from areas that have cold winters but lots of heat in the summer. Look towards their natural habitats and use what you can.” They make popular specimen trees in many gardens, but the problem is, there are literally thousands of different cultivars to choose from. In this article, we explore some of the best options for UK gardeners to consider. Maples can be both trees and shrubs and can vary significantly in shape, size, colour, form and habits. Some are suitable for small gardens, and some are even suitable for growing in containers. Maple Society Favourites We asked Agustin Coello-Vera from The Maple Society to share some of his favourite Acer varieties. “This question is often asked by visitors to my forest garden and my answer is that it depends on the day,” he says. “Almost every maple shows wonderful colours, including red, orange, yellow, purple, black, or golden brown. Acer griseum “Not only are the leaves beautiful in the autumn, but many maples also present a good display of fruits in various colours. “Maples may have splendid bark, such as the snake bark maples or the paperbark maple, Acer griseum. “Many maples flower profusely in spring, such as the Norway maple, A. platanoides, which provides a wonderful display of clear yellow flowers.” If, like Agustin, you are struggling to choose a favourite, read on for more suggestions for you and your garden: 1) A. campestre (Field Maple) The UK’s only maple that is native to these shores, the field maple can be an excellent garden tree. It is commonly chosen as a garden tree or a tree for city parks because of its compact growth habit, its tolerance of atmospheric pollution and, of course, its stunning autumn foliage. One of the reasons why it is a good idea to consider a native maple is that as a native plant, it offers a lot more to native wildlife. The field maple is attractive to aphids, which means that it also benefits their predators such as ladybirds, hover-flies and birds. “One of my favourite plants is the field maple, as it is a real champion of a tree that can grow on chalky soil,” shares Gardener Kim Wilkie. Many species of moths also benefit from the tree, and feed on its leaves. The flowers provide nectar for pollinators such as bees, and birds and small mammals eat the fruits. The field maple can grow in most fertile but well-drained soil types, in full sun or partial shade. It can cope with a range of less-than-optimal conditions and may form as a shrub in chalky soils. As well as being a specimen tree, the field maple can also be coppiced, or used as a hedgerow plant. “One cultivar I have planted many of as street trees and in gardens of all sizes is Acer campestre ‘Queen Elizabeth’ also known as ‘Evelyn’,” says RHS qualified Horticulturist Dan Ori. “Its compact relatively columnar shape and its tolerance of drought and most soil types/pH make it a great pick.” 2) A. rubrum (Red Maple) The most abundant native tree in the northeastern United States, the red maple can also be grown in the UK.2 It is incredibly adaptable to soil type and conditions, and can cope well in full sun or partial shade. Of course, this is a stunning ornamental tree. As the name suggests, the leaves turn bright red in autumn – these autumnal displays will be most vivid when the red maples are planted in acidic soils. Acer rubrum can be good for city planting because they are fairly tolerant of air pollution. However, the trees have low, invasive root systems which can cause damage to paving etc. It is also important to note that this tree can restrict the growth of a number of other plants when they are grown close by. Since this is an Acer that grows into full-sized trees up to 30m in height, this is not necessarily the best choice for smaller or more restricted spaces. However, where the space is available, these can be truly stunning specimen trees. A number of cultivars make excellent bonsai, and can even be grown in containers. Some red maple cultivars to consider in the UK are: A. rubrum ‘October Glory’ Dependable autumn colour and vigorous growth. A. rubrum ‘Red Sunset’ Good drought/heat tolerance, upright, vigorous growth habit and orange-red autumn colour. A. rubrum ‘Northwood’ Open habit with branches 45-degree angle to the trunk forming an attractive oval crown. Its colour is not as intense as other cultivars. 3) A. saccharum (Sugar Maple) The sugar maple is another North American native Acer that can also be grown successfully in some southern parts of the UK. In addition to being known for its brightly coloured autumn foliage, the sugar maple is of course also known for being the primary source of maple syrup. Unfortunately, the seasons and climate conditions here in the UK mean that the potential for worthwhile sap production and harvesting is negligible – but that does not mean that you cannot still consider growing these attractive trees. These are large, deciduous trees that will grow up to 20m tall, with dense oval or rounded crowns, and five-lobed leaves that turn yellow, orange and reddish in the autumn. These trees can be grown as specimen trees in full sun or shade, in moist but well-drained soil. Though it can be a useful specimen tree in Cornwall and other warm and protected southern gardens, it should be noted that this too is a bad companion plant, and may inhibit the growth of a range of other plants grown close by. 4) A. saccharinum (Silver Maple) Another very vigorous deciduous tree, the silver maple should not be confused with the similarly named species above. It will grow to more than 12m in height and be wider than 8m once fully grown. It will not be the best choice for smaller gardens, as it has invasive roots that can do damage to pipes or structures. It can also have allelopathic (growth-slowing) effects on nearby plants. It is also worthwhile noting that this is a comparatively short-lived tree – it will typically live between 125 and 140 years. Like other maples mentioned above, however, this is another maple species that can provide amazing autumn colour in a large, sheltered garden. It can do well in many different soil types as long as the soil is moist but well-drained. The shallow root system can also be useful for use in erosion control in certain situations. 5) A. platanoides (Norway Maple) The Norway maple was introduced to the UK in the 17th Century.3 Though not a native plant, this is another tree that can be beneficial for wildlife in a UK garden. The leaves are eaten by a range of caterpillars and a number of birds and small mammals eat its seeds. This is a broadleaf tree that can grow to an eventual height of around 25m. Leaves will fade to yellow and occasionally to ruddy brownish red before they fall in the autumn. In spring, conspicuous clusters of yellow flowers form on the bare branches. This plant will grow in Britain in all but the very poorest of soils, so it can be an interesting specimen tree to consider for many gardens. However, it is worth noting that like many maples, this tree can also have a detrimental effect on certain other plants grown close by. 6) A. pseudoplatanus (Sycamore) Not to be confused with the similar species above, the sycamore maple, commonly called simply ‘sycamore’ in the British isles is another option to consider. It is believed that the sycamore may have been originally introduced to our shores by the Romans, or in the 1500s.4 It is believed to have naturalised from around the mid-1800s. This broadleaf tree can grow up to 35m high, and live for 400 years or so – meaning it is important to be careful where it is planted. The ‘helicopter’ seeds spread this tree quickly and it has colonised native woodlands to the detriment of native species. However, it can be an option to consider in larger gardens, where, like other native and naturalised maples, it has benefits for a wide range of garden wildlife. It may be particularly beneficial as part of a wild break or shelterbelt. 7) A. griseum (Paperbark Maple) Another tree to consider for certain UK gardens is the paperbark maple. It is a small, spreading tree which is deciduous, with leaves that turn a brilliant orange and red in autumn. The tree is also known for its attractive peeling and paper-like bark, which has a lovely rich chestnut-brown colour. The tree can reach an eventual height of 8-12m and can be a good choice for a small specimen tree in many gardens. It can grow successfully in a range of soil types and in full sun or partial shade, so it is common to find it in borders, or front gardens. 8) A. palmatum If you are looking for a smaller tree or shrub, then Acer palmatum (a type of Japanese maple) is a species that provides a huge array of cultivar options. These Asian maples are all extremely popular for their astounding colours and attractive, compact forms. There are cultivars that have a huge range of different colours in their foliage, and there is also variety in leaf form and growth habit. “Generally speaking, Japanese maples do not do well in alkaline soil,” says Dan Ori. “In layman’s terms, it is like putting them on a diet where they can’t access nutrients as they need to; they can survive and even have a long life in high pH but they do not thrive and will present establishment and health problems for the gardener to mitigate.”5 Waterlogging and compacted soil are ‘no-nos’ for these plants, but other than that they are surprisingly un-fussy. In terms of sun, they can thrive in full sun or dappled or partial shade. They will do best in more sheltered sites but can also cope with some wind exposure. Some A. palmatum cultivars to consider are: A. palmatum ‘Bloodgood’ A. palmatum ‘Lace Lady’ A. palmatum ‘Dissectum Viridis’ A. palmatum var. dissectum ‘Seiryu’ A. palmatum ‘Beni-Maiko’ A. palmatum ‘Little Princess’ A. palmatum ‘Kagiri-nishiki’ A. palmatum ‘Katsura’ A. palmatum ‘Osakazuki’ A. palmatum ‘Shin-deshojo’ Though there are plenty of other beautiful options within this type of maple to consider. 9) A. japonicum Other Japanese maples not in the group mentioned above include those in the Acer japonicum species. These Acers are also known as Amur maples or fullmoon maples. These are small, deciduous trees which very rarely grow above around 10m tall, and are often much smaller. Though less commonly cultivated as ornamental plants than Acer palmatum, these can also make interesting additions to a UK garden. Two cultivars of A. japonicum that have received the Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit are: A. japonicum ‘Vitifolium’ A. japonicum ‘Aconitifolium’ So one of these could also be worthwhile considering. 10) A. davidii (Snake Bark Maple) Finally, one other more unusual maple to consider for your garden is the snake bark maple. This is a small, spreading tree that can grow up to around 10m in height. It has triangular, mid-green leaves that turn yellow or orange in the autumn. As the name suggests, these Acers are also characterised by their bark, which does have winding patterns on it that look a little like snakes. So, which maples will be right for your garden? The above should have given you a great place to start when making the right choices for your space. References 1. Maples (Genus Acer). (n.d.). iNaturalist UK. Retrieved March 9, 2023, from https://uk.inaturalist.org/taxa/47727-Acer 2. Red Maple. (n.d.). National Wildlife Federation. Retrieved March 9, 2023, from https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Plants-and-Fungi/Red-Maple 3. Trust, W. (n.d.). Norway Maple (Acer platanoides). Woodland Trust. Retrieved March 9, 2023, from https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/trees-woods-and-wildlife/british-trees/a-z-of-british-trees/norway-maple/ 4. Trust, W. (n.d.-b). Sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus). Woodland Trust. Retrieved March 9, 2023, from https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/trees-woods-and-wildlife/british-trees/a-z-of-british-trees/sycamore/ 5. Cregg, B. (2014, November). Right Tree: Right Place – Alkaline Soils. Michigan State University. Retrieved April 3, 2023, from https://www.canr.msu.edu/hrt/uploads/535/78626/RightTreeAlkalineSoilred.pdf
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